Walker v. Sumner’s Empirical Analysis
917 F.2d 382 · 1990
Citation profile
32 federal appellate · 9 district · 2 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 78 later decisions — most recently January 2022 · most notably John Armstrong v. Gray Davis, Governor of the State of California (2001), Patrick Hugh Morrison v. Frank Hall Director of the Oregon Department of Corrections (2001)
32 federal appellate · 9 district · 2 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on Bell v. Wolfish · Turner v. Safley · Pell v. Procunier · O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz · Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Labor Union, Inc.
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 78 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“First, there must be a `valid, rational connection' between the prison regulation and the legitimate governmental interest put forward to justify it.”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority““[T]hey must first identify the specific pe-nological interests involved and then demonstrate both that those specific interests are the actual bases for their policies and that the policies are reasonably related to the furtherance of the identified interests. An evidentiary showing is required at to each point.””
5 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“Nevertheless, prisoners' constitutional rights are subject to substantial limitations and restrictions in order to allow prison officials to achieve legitimate correctional goals and maintain institutional security.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.