U.S. v. Gaines’s Empirical Analysis

Citation profile

1 federal appellate · 1 district · 2 state decisions

Most-quoted passages

The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 16 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.

1. “even if probable cause existed, it would have flowed directly from the seizure.... So the discovery of evidence would still be traced directly to the possible Fourth Amendment violation.... Given this direct causal connection, the eventual development of probable cause would not trigger the attenuation doctrine.”

   1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
   e.g. State v. Christian

2. “Even if a reasonable person would not have felt free to leave, a seizure would occur only if the suspect yielded to a police officer's show of authority.”

   1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
   e.g. United States v. Silcott

3. “use of flashing lights as a show of authority ... will likely convert the event into a Fourth Amendment seizure”

   1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
   e.g. United States v. Silcott