United States v. Maxwell’s Empirical Analysis
920 F.2d 1028 · 1990
Citation profile
42 federal appellate · 11 district · 4 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 80 later decisions (1 by the Supreme Court) — most recently January 2026 · most notably Groh v. Ramirez (2004), United States v. Blakeney (1991)
42 federal appellate · 11 district · 4 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 1341 (White-Collar Crime Penalty Enhancement Act of 2002) · 18 U.S.C. § 1343 · 18 U.S.C. § 6 · 18 U.S.C. § 912
Relies on Jackson v. Virginia · Illinois v. Gates · United States v. Leon · Coolidge v. New Hampshire · Holland v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 80 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“'suitable words of reference' evidencing the magistrate's explicit intention to incorporate the affidavit.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage“'suitable words of reference' evidencing the magistrate's explicit intention to incorporate the affidavit.' " United States v. Brown , 49 F.3d 1162 , 1175 (6th Cir. 1995) (citation omitted). That said, the " 'realities of administration of criminal justice,' ... counsel against an overly exacting standard for determining when a warrant successfully incorporates a supporting affidavit,”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“[1]n some circumstances a search warrant may be construed with reference to the affidavit supporting it for purposes of satisfying the particularity requirement. The affidavit may serve this function, however, only if (1) the affidavit accompanies the warrant, and in addition (2) the warrant uses suitable words of reference which incorporate the affidavit by reference.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.