United States v. Beale’s Empirical Analysis
921 F.2d 1412 · 1991
Citation profile
73 federal appellate · 2 district · 11 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 130 later decisions (1 by the Supreme Court) — most recently August 2025 · most notably United States v. Turner (2007), United States v. Bailey (1997)
73 federal appellate · 2 district · 11 state decisions — followed in 10 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 1951 (Hobbs Act) · 18 U.S.C. § 1962 (§ 901 of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act) · 18 U.S.C. § 2 · 18 U.S.C. § 924
Relies on Miranda v. State of Arizona Vignera · Terry v. Ohio · Brady v. State of Maryland · Chapman v. State of California · Glasser v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 130 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“First, the relinquishment of the right must have been voluntary in the sense that it was the product of a free and deliberate choice rather than intimidation, coercion, or deception. Second, the waiver must have been made with a full awareness of both of the nature of the right being abandoned and the consequences of the decision to abandon it. Only if the “totality of the circumstances surrounding the interrogation” reveal both an uncoerced choice and the requisite level of comprehension may a court properly conclude that the Miranda rights have been waived.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“by telling [the defendant] that signing the waiver form would not hurt him the [FBI] agents contradicted the Miranda warning that a defendant's statements can be used against the defendant in court, thereby misleading [him] concerning the consequences of relinquishing his right to remain silent.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“The question is whether there is a reasonable possibility that the evidence complained of might have contributed to the conviction.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.