Dixon v. Richer’s Empirical Analysis
922 F.2d 1456 · 1991
Citation profile
80 federal appellate · 46 district · 7 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 182 later decisions — most recently May 2022 · most notably Hinton v. City of Elwood (1993), Ernest Medina v. Michael Cram - Ralph Bruning City of Colorado Springs Loren Kramer (2001)
80 federal appellate · 46 district · 7 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 28 U.S.C. § 1738 · 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Harlow v. Fitzgerald · Anderson v. Creighton · Graham v. Connor · Bell v. Wolfish
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 182 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.”
11 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“had already been frisked, had his hands up against the van with his back to the officers, and was not making any aggressive moves or threats”
8 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“For plaintiffs to defeat a claim of qualified immunity, the 'contours of the right must be sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right.'”
7 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.