Leonard v. State

¶1OPINION

¶2Patricia Diane Leonard, appellant, was tried and convicted before a jury for the offense of possession of methamphetamine of an amount less than twenty-eight grams. The trial court assessed punishment at twenty-five years confinement in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. On appeal, she complains in four points of error of the trial court’s actions in sustaining the State’s challenge for cause to four separate venirepersons. We affirm.

¶3During voir dire, the State successfully challenged four venirepersons who said they would require more than one witness before they could convict someone of a crime. The gist of the beliefs of the venirepersons is as follows:

• Venireperson number 12 stated to the court that even if she was satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that the witness was telling the truth and even if one witness satisfied her beyond a reasonable doubt that all the elements that the State had to prove were proved, she still could not convict based on the testimony of just that one witness.1

• Venireperson number 22 stated to the court that if he heard one witness testify, and if he was satisfied that the testimony was right and was believable and made sense, and if the testimony proved every one of the State’s points that it had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt, then he could convict based on that one witness’s testimony. He further stated that it was doubtful one witness could satisfy him.2

• Venireperson number 24 stated to the court that if only one witness testified to all the elements the State had to prove, *772he did not think he could convict based on that one witness's testimony even if he was satisfied that what the witness was testifying to was true, and that through that witness the State had proved what it had to beyond a reasonable doubt. The venireperson went on to clarify his position and say that one witness could not convince him beyond a reasonable doubt, rather he needed more than one witness to be convinced to that level.3

• Venireperson number 31 stated that if only one witness testified and she believed the witness, and became convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the witness was telling the truth, she still could not convict based on the testimony of that one witness even if that one witness satisfied her beyond a reasonable doubt that all the elements that the State had to prove were proved.4

¶4We perceive subtle differences between the answers given by venirepersons 12 and 31 and those given by venirepersons 22 and 24. It is in understanding those differences and their effect that we now turn.

¶5Much has been written in the recent past on this area of the law. In Caldwell v. State, 818 S.W.2d 790 (Tex.Crim.App.1991), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 990, 112 S.Ct. 1684, 118 L.Ed.2d 399 (1992), the court held that it was proper to sustain a State’s challenge for cause to a venireperson who would require more than one witness in order to convict. Id. at 797; Tex.Code Crim.Proc.Ann. art. 35.16(b)(3) (Vernon Supp.1996) (referring to a bias against a phase of the law upon which the State was entitled to rely). The reasoning was founded on several notions. First, that it was proper to exclude a person who could not convict on circumstantial evidence alone. As authority, the court cited Barnard v. State, 730 S.W.2d 703, 712-14 (Tex.Crim.App.1987), cert. denied, 485 U.S. 929, 108 S.Ct. 1098, 99 L.Ed.2d 261 (1988) and Demouchette v. State, 731 S.W.2d 75, 82-83 (Tex.Crim.App.1986), cert. denied, 482 U.S. 920, 107 S.Ct. 3197, 96 L.Ed.2d 685 (1987). Caldwell, 818 S.W.2d at 797. Although Barnard, Demouckette, and Caldwelldo not explain why it was proper to exclude a person who could not convict on circumstantial evidence alone, presumably it was because circumstantial evidence alone is enough, from a sufficiency of the evidence standpoint, to uphold a conviction. Second, it was proper because forcing the State to prove its case with more than one eyewitness was an even greater burden than the circumstantial evidence burden. Third, it clearly followed that it was proper because a person who demanded more than one witness in order to convict was even more properly excluded than a person who required direct, as opposed to circumstantial, evidence in order to convict. Caldwellthen, at least sub silentio, seemed to rely on the notion that if a venireperson demanded more than the minimum evidence required to uphold a conviction on appeal, more than the minimum sufficient evidence, then that person was properly subject to a challenge for cause.

¶6Two years after Caldwell, the court of criminal appeals flatly rejected the notion that a venireperson is subject to a challenge for cause simply because they require more than the minimum evidence necessary to withstand a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence. In Garrett v. State, 851 S.W.2d 853 (Tex.Crim.App.1993), the court stated that even in the face of a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence of a future dangerousness finding based solely on the facts of a capital murder case, the State could not challenge a venireperson who would individually require more than the facts of the case before he could answer “yes” to the future dangerousness question. The court reasoned that sufficiency of the evidence standards are:

[A] minimum “threshold” below which a jury cannot rationally return an affirmative answer to a level of confidence beyond a reasonable doubt. However, that the law permits jurors to find future dangerousness in some cases on the facts of the offense alone does not mean that all jurors must do so, or even consider doing so. A *773particular juror’s understanding of proof beyond a reasonable doubt may lead Mm to require more than the legal threshold of sufficient evidence to [render a verdict for the State].

¶7Id. at 859 (citation omitted). This “reasonable doubt” logic, absent in Caldwell, is convincing in the aftermath of the post-Caldwell case of Geesa v. State, 820 S.W.2d 154 (Tex.Crim.App.1991), wherein the court promulgated the now famous defimtion of reasonable doubt and stressed that it was for an individual juror to decide, based on tMs definition, whether, after considering all the evidence, they had a doubt based on reason that would make them hesitate to act in the most important of their own affairs. Id. at 162.

¶8Next came Wilson v. State, 863 S.W.2d 59 (Tex.Crim.App.1993), which held much the same thing. After first recalling that the facts of a capital murder case may alone be sufficient to uphold or support an affirmative jury verdict on the issue of future dangerousness, there was no requirement that the jury ever do so. Thus:

As we recently held in Garrett, a venireman is not subject to challenge for cause because he believed, under the reasonable doubt standard, evidence in addition to the offense before Mm was needed to answer the second pumshment issue affirmatively.

¶9Id. at 69.

¶10In its brief, the State argues that Caldwellis still good law and that the likes of Garrettshould be limited to its capital murder facts. The Austin Court of Appeals and the Dallas Court of Appeals agreed with this argument. See Zinger v. State, 899 S.W.2d 423, 427-28 (Tex.App.—Austin 1995, pet. granted); Castillo v. State, 867 S.W.2d 817, 822-23 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1993), vacated and remanded, 913 S.W.2d 529 (Tex.Crim.App.1995). Appellant argues that Garrettsquarely overrules Caldwell. Fortunately, the court of criminal appeals has settled this question in its opinion in Castillo. A five to four majority of the court squarely settled the matter:

We now hold that a venireman who categorically refuses to render a guilty verdict on the basis of only one eyewitness is not challengeable for cause on that account so long as his refusal is predicated on his reasonable understanding of what constitutes proof beyond a reasonable doubt. To the extent it conflicts with this holding, we overrule Caldwell.

Like [the venireman] in Garrett, a vem-reman who categorically refuses to render a guilty verdict on the basis of a single eyewitness may only be indicating that his threshold for proof beyond a reasonable doubt is somewhat Mgher than the minimum that the law recognizes as sufficient. Unless we are prepared to hold that jurors must always convict on the basis of legally sufficient evidence, we cannot say that such a venireman has a bias against the law. We were mistaken in Caldwellto assume that a venireman who will not convict on the basis of one eyewitness is necessarily holding the State to a Mgher burden than that required by law. As long as the law permits a range of “reasonable doubt,” the individual venireman who says he will hold the State to the Mgh end of the range is not requiring anything that the law does not tolerate.... If the State does not want that venireman on the jury, it is obliged to use one of its statutorily allotted peremptory challenges to remove him.

¶11Castillo, 913 S.W.2d at 533 (footnote omitted).

¶12The court went on to hold that if a venire-person could not convict on the basis of only one eyewitness’s testimony, even though he believed the witness and the witness’s testimony convinced him beyond a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt, the venireper-son would properly be subject to a challenge for cause. This is because the venireperson is holding the State to a higher burden of proof than the law allows. This was labeled an “agenda of his own for conviction” that bears no relation to the law. Id. at 533-34. Thus, the challenging party must show that the venireperson’s refusal to convict on the testimony of only one witness is based on something more than his understanding of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. The court concluded with the notation that nothing in Geesachallenges this holding. It seems quite obvious that the holding in Zingeris *774similarly invalidated by the court of criminal appeals’ Castilloopinion.

¶13Therefore, it is clear to us that the State has the burden to show that a venire-person who cannot convict on the basis of one witness’s testimony is holding that belief as a personal agenda and would still not convict even if they believed the witness beyond a reasonable doubt. The State must also show that the venireperson could not vote to convict even if the witness convinced the venire-person beyond a reasonable doubt of all the elements the State was ’required to prove.

¶14Turning now to the facts of the instant case, venirepersons 12 and 31 seem clearly to be properly challengeable for cause by the State5 because both of them could not convict based only on the testimony of one witness even if they “believed the State’s only eyewitness, and that testimony convinced [them] beyond a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt.” Castillo, 913 S.W.2d at 533.

¶15Venireperson 22, however, fits squarely within the prohibition of Castillo. He stated that he could convict if one witness satisfied him beyond a reasonable doubt, but that he doubted one witness could so satisfy him. This, we feel, is just what the court of criminal appeals meant when it referred to a venireperson who is only “indicating that his threshold for proof beyond a reasonable doubt is somewhat, higher than the minimum that the law recognizes as sufficient.” Id.The State thus failed to meet its burden to show that this venireperson’s refusal was based on something more than his understanding of proof beyond a reasonable doubt.

¶16Similarly, venireperson 24 only indicated that one person could not convince him beyond a reasonable doubt. Under questioning by the trial judge, he initially indicated that he could not convict based only on the one witness’s testimony even if he was convinced by one witness beyond a reasonable doubt:

THE COURT: Okay. I’m going to have two questions and just bear this in mind. Assume we have one witness and that one witness testified to all the elements that the State had to prove and you were satisfied that what he was doing, what he was testifying to was true, and that the State had proved it beyond a reasonable doubt, would you be able to convict based on that one witness’s testimony?

PROSPECTIVE JUROR: I don’t think so.

¶17However, almost immediately, in response to questioning by the defense attorney, he stated, “I won’t be believing beyond a reasonable doubt unless there are [sic] more than one person.” We believe this is not vacillation, but rather is a venireperson clarifying and evolving his answer to a clear and firm position that one witness could not convince him beyond a reasonable doubt, as opposed to believing that one person could convince him beyond a reasonable doubt but he would still need more to convict. Thus, we hold that the trial judge erred6 when he sustained the State’s challenge for cause to venirepersons 22 and 24.7

¶18*775Such error is reversible if the effect of the judge’s action was to give the State an additional peremptory challenge. Payton v. State, 572 S.W.2d 677, 680 (Tex.Crim.App.1978) (op. on reh’g). Harm may only be shown by the record reflecting that the State exhausted all of its peremptory challenges. Id. at 680; Smith v. State, 859 S.W.2d 468, 464 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1993, pet. ref'd). In neither the State’s nor the appellant’s brief is the issue of harm addressed. We have examined the record, however, and have found it void of anything that would indicate that the State used its peremptory challenges. Neither the jury list nor the strike lists are in the record, and the statement of facts is devoid of any mention of the use of peremptory strikes. Thus, harm has not been shown. See Payton, 572 S.W.2d at 680.

¶19For the forgoing reasons, appellant’s points of error are overruled. The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

¶20Appendix A

¶21Venireperson No. 12

¶22THE COURT: How are you today?

¶23PROSPECTIVE JUROR: Just fine.

¶24THE COURT: Ms. Junior, you’ve indicated, I think, that — in answer, I think, to the district attorney’s question that you might require more than one witness and the proof from more than one witness before you could find a defendant guilty, is that correct?

¶25PROSPECTIVE JUROR: Yes, sir. If I understood the question right.

¶26THE COURT: Let me word it to you this way. If I were to instruct you that if you were satisfied that the State had met its burden of proof that the defendant was guilty of the charged crime beyond a reasonable doubt that you would vote for conviction.

¶27Now, the question gets to be whether or not there was just one witness. And one witness who might convince you that all of the elements have been met, if — if you were satisfied that that one witness had, beyond a reasonable doubt, convinced you that all the elements were met, would you be able to convict the defendant if there was just one witness? Did I make myself clear?

¶28PROSPECTIVE JUROR: No.

¶29THE COURT: Let me start again. Let me start again.

¶30In the event the State only had one witness and that witness testified and you listened and you were satisfied that what that witness said convinced you beyond a reasonable doubt that all the elements of the State had to prove were there and they were proved, would you be able to convict based on that witness’s testimony alone?

¶31PROSPECTIVE JUROR: No.

¶32THE COURT: You wouldn’t?

¶33PROSPECTIVE JUROR: No.

¶34THE COURT: Any questions, Mr. Johnson?

¶35MR. JOHNSON: Are you saying that you could never convict someone just on the testimony of one person?

¶36PROSPECTIVE JUROR: I don’t believe I could.

¶37MR. JOHNSON: Is there anything magic about one to you?

¶38PROSPECTIVE JUROR: Is this — she’s not — her side hasn’t shown anything? I mean, just got one person on the district attorney’s side and they’re saying she did it and you’re suppose[d] to convict her on that?

¶39MR. JOHNSON: Well, and you heard all the testimony that person gave and you believe beyond a reasonable doubt that that person was telling the truth and that he testified to all the necessary things to make her guilty, could you convict?

¶40PROSPECTIVE JUROR: No.

¶41THE COURT: Okay. Okay. Thank you, Ms. Junior. You may step down. If you’ll be back about 4:00 o’clock.

¶42Appendix B

¶43Venireperson No. 22

¶44THE COURT: Mr. Reed, you indicated, I think, that you had a question of conviction on just one witness’s testimony, is that right? Did I read you right on that?

¶45PROSPECTIVE JUROR: No.

¶46*776THE COURT: In other words, if you found that one witness testified—

¶47PROSPECTIVE JUROR: Okay.

¶48THE COURT: —and proved all the elements of the case, would you be able to convict just on that one witness’s testimony?

¶49PROSPECTIVE JUROR: I would not because that — just that one person’s testimony would not prove to me that that person saw that circumstance. It would depend on what they were testifying to.

¶50THE COURT: That’s all we’re asking you to do.

¶51PROSPECTIVE JUROR: But it would depend — I mean, I know that always people see it in their own light and that it would be better for me to have other people.

¶52THE COURT: Okay. And I understand that it would be better to. But let me say this. That if you were in the jury box and you heard this witness testify and you were satisfied that what he or she testified to was right, was believable, made sense, and what they testified to proved every one of the State’s points beyond a reasonable doubt, all the burden that the State had beyond a reasonable doubt, would you be able to convict on that one witness’s testimony?

¶53PROSPECTIVE JUROR: I guess I would have to.

¶54THE COURT: No, you wouldn’t have to.

¶55PROSPECTIVE JUROR: Bui^-well, if I was satisfied with that person’s—

¶56THE COURT: Yes, if you were satisfied.

¶57PROSPECTIVE JUROR: I mean, you know, we’re talking about—

¶58THE COURT: First of all, let me ask you, if you were satisfied, would you be able to convict on that one person’s testimony? I’ve got one question to ask you after that.

¶59PROSPECTIVE JUROR: Yeah.

¶60THE COURT: Okay. Now, the next question is, would you be able to be satisfied just based on one person’s testimony?

¶61PROSPECTIVE JUROR: Doubtful.

¶62THE COURT: Okay. Any questions, Mr. Johnson?

¶63\MR. JOHNSON: No, Your Honor.

¶64THE COURT: Any questions?

¶65MR. COPE: No.

¶66THE COURT: Thank you very much for your candor.

¶67Appendix C

¶68Venireperson No. 24

¶69THE COURT: Mr. King, you had indicated, I think, that you had a problem with finding someone guilty based on one witness’s testimony, is that correct?

¶70PROSPECTIVE JUROR: That is correct.

¶71THE COURT: Now — and you indicated, I believe, that that was based upon what you had — you felt like was a religious tenant, is that right?

¶72PROSPECTIVE JUROR: Well, it’s hard for me to take one person and — because he can lie.

¶73THE COURT: Okay.

¶74PROSPECTIVE JUROR: He may say anything.

¶75THE COURT: Okay. I’m going to have two questions and just bear this in mind. Assume we have one witness and that one witness testified to all of the elements that the State had to prove and you were satisfied that what he was doing, what he was testifying to was true, and that the State had proved it beyond a reasonable doubt, would you be able to convict based on that one witness’s testimony?

¶76PROSPECTIVE JUROR: I don’t think so.

¶77THE COURT: Okay. Well — any questions, Mr. Johnson?

¶78MR. JOHNSON: Are you saying that in no case could you convict where there was just a single witness testifying to all the elements of the offense?

¶79PROSPECTIVE JUROR: Well, it would be hard for me to just go on one.

¶80MR. JOHNSON: It would be hard, but could you?

¶81*777PROSPECTIVE JUROR: I would have to be in that predicament to say. But really, basically, I don’t think I would. Because I think there’s got to be two people to collaborate.

¶82MR. JOHNSON: Well, you would prefer there be two people. But if you believed beyond a reasonable doubt everything this person said—

¶83PROSPECTIVE JUROR: Well, I won’t be believing beyond a reasonable doubt unless there are [sic] more than one person.

¶84MR. JOHNSON: Okay.

¶85THE COURT: Thank you very much, Mr. King. You can step outside. If you’ll be back — what did I just say, in about 25 minutes?

¶86BAILIFF STUTTS: Twenty-five.

¶87Appendix D

¶88Venireperson No. 31

¶89THE COURT: I’m sorry to have made you wait so long, but it just takes awhile to get through these.

¶90PROSPECTIVE JUROR: That’s fine.

¶91THE COURT: We need to ask you about three things, I think, that were bought [sic] up when you answered.

¶92First of all, you indicated you had a problem with proof of a ease from just one witness. Let me ask you this. And you’re going to have to assume this to be the facts because, as I told you before, we can’t go into what the facts are.

¶93But let’s assume that you were on the jury and — and there was only one witness, and that witness testified and you listened to the witness, you were convinced that what the witness was telling was the truth, and that witness testified that all the items that the State had to prove were true, and you were satisfied that that proof was beyond a reasonable doubt, as I would give you a definition of at the time of the charge.

¶94Now, all of those assumptions you’ve got to take because that’s where we are right now. But there was just one witness. Would you still not be able to convict based on that one s person [sic] testimony?

¶95PROSPECTIVE JUROR: Before we go any further, my grandson right now is in a similar situation like this. And I don’t know if you would want to — to disqualify me or not.

¶96THE COURT: Let me ask you this. That being the case, and I think that was the next thing we were going to get into, something on your mind. Would you then take the situation you have with your grandson and sort of plug that into your decisions in this case? Or would you be able to listen to the witnesses from the stand here?

¶97PROSPECTIVE JUROR: I believe I could be truthful in answering the question that you asked me first. Sometimes people are very persuasive in what they say and they might convince you of something. So, on just one person’s witness, I — I don’t believe I could go by that because of that.

¶98THE COURT: Mr. Johnson, do you have any questions?

¶99MR. JOHNSON: Well — but could you, in a proper case, and you’ve listened to all the testimony and you believe beyond a reasonable doubt that the person is guilty, and that it happens to be just one witness in a case, could you find the person guilty?

¶100PROSPECTIVE JUROR: Just on one person’s?

¶101MR. JOHNSON: If you believe that person. Now, I’m saying you might have some difficulty weighing that testimony and you might — but if you believed that person was telling the truth and you believed him beyond a reasonable doubt, could you find a person guilty?

¶102PROSPECTIVE JUROR: No, sir, I don’t believe I could. I would just to [sic] have to have more than just that one person.

¶103THE COURT: Thank you so much, Ms. Williams. You can step down. You can be excused for another 15 minutes.

¶104PROSPECTIVE JUROR: Thank you.