Pittsley v. Warish’s Empirical Analysis
927 F.2d 3 · 1991
Citation profile
60 federal appellate · 89 district · 8 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 207 later decisions — most recently February 2025 · most notably 7 Cal. 4th 1 - Hill v. National Collegiate Athletic Assn. (1994), Aversa v. United States (1996)
60 federal appellate · 89 district · 8 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on Monell v. Department of Social Services of City of New York · Santosky v. Kramer · Parratt v. Taylor · Monroe v. Pape · Griswold v. State of Connecticut
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 207 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[O]nly the person toward whom the state action was directed, and not those incidentally affected, may maintain a § 1983 claim.”
9 later decisions quote this exact passage“alternative tests by which substantive due process is examined,”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage“impos[ing] limits on what a state may do regardless of what procedural protection is provided.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.