Willner v. Thornburgh’s Empirical Analysis
928 F.2d 1185 · 1991
Citation profile
6 federal appellate · 9 district · 7 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 39 later decisions — most recently October 2017 · most notably 14 Cal. 4th 846 - Loder v. City of Glendale (1997), O'Keefe v. Passaic Valley Water Commission (1993)
6 federal appellate · 9 district · 7 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Katz v. United States · Delaware v. Prouse · United States v. Jacobsen · Camara v. Municipal Court of City and County of San Francisco · New Jersey v. T. L. O.
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 39 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[W]here a Fourth Amendment intrusion serves special governmental needs, beyond the normal need for law enforcement, it is necessary to balance the individual’s privacy expectations against the Government’s interests to determine whether it is impractical to require a warrant or some level of individualized suspicion in the particular context.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[t]he choice presented to current employees-undergo random drug testing or lose your job”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“decreasing levels of intrusiveness require decreasing levels of justification”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.