United States v. Murdock’s Empirical Analysis
928 F.2d 293 · 1991
Citation profile
28 federal appellate · 2 district · 4 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 44 later decisions — most recently June 2023 · most notably United States v. Johnson (1995), United States v. Davis (1996)
28 federal appellate · 2 district · 4 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996)
Relies on United States v. Bagley · Neil v. Biggers · Manson v. Brathwaite · United States v. Matlock · Graham v. Solem
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 44 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[f]irst, we must decide whether the challenged confrontation was impermissibly suggestive. If it was, we must then determine whether, under the totality of the circumstances, the suggestive procedures created `a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification.'”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“`The opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the time of the crime, the witness' degree of attention, the accuracy of his prior description of the criminal, the level of certainty demonstrated at the confrontation, and the time between the crime and the confrontation.'”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. In Re RWS“[W]hile it may have been suggestive, it was not impermissibly suggestive. Even if the procedure was impermissibly suggestive, under the totality of the circumstances, there was no substantial likelihood of misidentification.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. In Re RWS
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.