United States v. Barger’s Empirical Analysis
931 F.2d 359 · 1991
Citation profile
79 federal appellate · 1 district · 4 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 131 later decisions — most recently January 2025 · most notably United States v. Gardiner (2006), United States v. Beverly (2004)
79 federal appellate · 1 district · 4 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 371 · 18 U.S.C. § 641 (Livestock Fraud Protection Act)
Relies on Jackson v. Virginia · Ohio Bureau of Employment Services v. Hodory · Illinois v. Allen · United States v. Russell · Sorrells v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 131 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“patently clear absence of predisposition.”
11 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“shocking to the universal sense of justice.”
8 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“(1) the need for the police conduct as shown by the type of criminal activity involved, (2) the impetus for the scheme or whether the criminal enterprise preexisted the police involvement, (3) the control the government exerted over the criminal enterprise, and (4) the impact of the police activity on the commission of the crime.”
7 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.