Hammer v. Gross’s Empirical Analysis
932 F.2d 842 · 1991
Citation profile
90 federal appellate · 5 district · 11 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 159 later decisions — most recently September 2017 · most notably Smith v. City of Hemet (2005), McGonigle v. Combs (1992)
90 federal appellate · 5 district · 11 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on Monell v. Department of Social Services of City of New York · Anderson v. Creighton · Graham v. Connor · Schmerber v. State of California · Rochin v. People of California
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 159 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[n]o party may assign as error the giving or the failure to give an instruction unless that party objects thereto before the jury retires to consider its verdict, stating distinctly the matter objected to and the grounds of the objection.”
15 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent“Id. It was in this context that we stated: 26 [The plaintiff] suggested at oral argument that an officer who has used unreasonable force cannot, by definition, have acted reasonably. A similar contention was rejected, however, in [Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635 (1987)]. Whether a search is”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissente.g. Katz v. United States · Elliot Katz“in light of the facts and circumstances confronting them. 11 Graham, 490 U.S. at 396-97 , 109 S.Ct. at 1872 (internal quotations omitted). E.g., Barlow, 943 F.2d at 1135 .”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.