Houston v. Reich’s Empirical Analysis
932 F.2d 883 · 1991
Citation profile
25 federal appellate · 15 district · 4 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 68 later decisions (1 by the Supreme Court) — most recently December 2016 · most notably Hafer v. Melo (1991), Lyndell Mitchell v. The City of Moore Oklahoma Mike Drea Bruce Storm Gary Tipps (2000)
25 federal appellate · 15 district · 4 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act)) · 42 U.S.C. § 1988
Relies on Monell v. Department of Social Services of City of New York · Harlow v. Fitzgerald · Anderson v. Creighton · Hensley v. Eckerhart · City of Canton v. Harris
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 68 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“if the deprivation of a federally protected constitutional or statutory right was the result of action taken 'pursuant to official municipal policy of some nature' and ... the 'execution of a government's policy or custom ... inflicts the injury.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage“(a) some person had deprived him of a federally protected right, and (b) the person who has deprived him of that right acted under color of state law.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage“Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any state ... subjects or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States ... to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.