Back v. Carter’s Empirical Analysis
1996
Citation profile
2 federal appellate · 1 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 11 later decisions — most recently February 2016
2 federal appellate · 1 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 28 U.S.C. § 636
Relies on Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife · Warth v. Seldin · Ex Parte: Edward T Young · Pennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman · Elrod v. Burns
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 11 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[t]he number of minorities in the community at large is irrelevant .... When some specialized training is required for a position, the percentages relevant for statistical purposes are the percentages of qualified minorities.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“When violations of constitutional rights are alleged, further showing of irreparable injury may not be required if what is at stake is not monetary damages”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.