United States v. Ezeiruaku’s Empirical Analysis
936 F.2d 136 · 1991
Citation profile
24 federal appellate · 6 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 38 later decisions — most recently February 2020 · most notably Bradley v. United States (2002), United States v. Oriakhi (1995)
24 federal appellate · 6 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 3231 · 18 U.S.C. § 3731 · 31 U.S.C. § 5316 · 31 U.S.C. § 5317
Relies on Carroll v. United States · Boyd v. United States · United States v. Ross · United States v. Place · United States v. Chadwick
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 38 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[A] Customs officer may stop and search, at the border without a search warrant, any vehicle, vessel, aircraft, or other conveyance, any envelope or other container, and any person entering or departing from the United States.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[T]he traditional rationale for the border search exception applies as well in the outgoing border search context.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“The governmental interest in stemming the flow of unreported currency out of the United States is substantial.... The "long-standing right of the sovereign to protect itself" that underlies the traditional rationale for the border search exception is implicated to a substantial degree where the international borders of the United States are penetrated by large sums of undeclared currency departing this country.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. State v. Codner
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.