United States v. Schnabel’s Empirical Analysis
939 F.2d 197 · 1991
Citation profile
37 federal appellate · 1 district ·
How this case has been cited
Cited by 77 later decisions (2 by the Supreme Court) — most recently April 2023 · most notably United States v. Randall (1999), 131 S. Ct. 2060 - Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S. A. (2011)
37 federal appellate · 1 district ·
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 1341 (White-Collar Crime Penalty Enhancement Act of 2002) · 18 U.S.C. § 371
Relies on Missouri v. Continential Insurance Cos. · Robertson v. Methow Valley Citizens Council · United States v. Miller · Unimet Corp. v. United Steelworkers · Baltimore City Department of Social Services v. Bouknight
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 77 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“The willful blindness instruction allows the jury to impute the element of knowledge to the defendant if the evidence indicates that he purposely closed his eyes to avoid knowing what was taking place around him.”
8 later decisions quote this exact passage“[W]hen there is evidence of both actual knowledge and deliberate ignorance, as in the case at bar, a willful blindness instruction is appropriate.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage“Constructive amendment consists of alteration of an indictment by (1) presentation of evidence, and (2) jury instructions[,] both of which work to change the elements of the offense charged, such that the defendant is actually convicted of a crime other than that charged in the indictment.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.