United States v. Walker’s Empirical Analysis
940 F.2d 442 · 1991
Citation profile
11 federal appellate · 1 district · 4 state decisions
Relationships
Applies 19 U.S.C. § 1459 (Tariff Act of 1930) · 19 U.S.C. § 1618 (Tariff Act of 1930) · 28 U.S.C. § 1291
Relies on Abney v. United States · United States v. Halper · Grady v. Corbin · One Lot Emerald Cut Stones One Ring v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 23 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“financial burden associated with maintaining check points and administering the customs system.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority““[T]he determination whether a given civil sanction constitutes punishment in the relevant sense requires a particularized assessment of the penalty imposed and the purposes that the penalty may fairly be said to serve. Simply put, a civil as well as a criminal sanction constitutes punishment when the sanction as applied in the individual case serves the goals of punishment.””
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“The Supreme Court has noted that “a civil remedy does not rise to the level of ‘punishment’ merely because Congress provided for civil recovery in excess of the Government’s damages.” The process of assessing a sanction that compensates the government for all its costs inevitably involves an element of rough justice; thus, punishment will be found only rarely.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.