Kopf v. Wing’s Empirical Analysis
942 F.2d 265 · 1991
Citation profile
22 federal appellate · 4 district · 2 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 56 later decisions — most recently June 2025 · most notably Lyons v. City of Xenia (2005), 112 Md. App. 526 - Williams v. Prince George's County (1996)
22 federal appellate · 4 district · 2 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc. · Celotex Corporation v. Catrett H · Graham v. Connor · Brody v. Guercio · Ohse v. Hughes
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 56 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“is derivative of, but narrower than, the officers'”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“numerous particular incidents of excessive force, including one that resulted in a jury verdict against officers and another that was allegedly settled for a large amount. Appellant also presents statistics showing that the percentage of excessive force complaints sustained through the county’s administrative investigation has been minimal in comparison with the rather large percentage of other citizen complaints that have been sustained. Finally, appellant points out that Commander’s Information Reports (CIRs), which detail the results of internal investigations into every use of force, including dog bites, are kept for six months and then destroyed. Another county policy forbids taking photographs of dog bites. Appellant argues that these practices create the impression among officers that wrongdoing will not be documented.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“The principal theory locates fault in deficient programs in police training and supervision which are claimed to have resulted in constitutional violations by untrained or mistrained police officers. A second theory, sometimes imprecisely subsumed under the first, locates fault in irresponsible failure by municipal policymakers to put a stop to or correct a widespread pattern of unconstitutional conduct by police officers of which the specific violation is simply an example.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.