Proud v. Stone’s Empirical Analysis
945 F.2d 796 · 1991
Citation profile
86 federal appellate · 44 district · 21 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 282 later decisions — most recently March 2023 · most notably LeBlanc v. Great American Insurance (1993), Evans v. Technologies Applications & Service Co. (1996)
86 federal appellate · 44 district · 21 state decisions — followed in 12 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green · Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine · United States Postal Service Board of Governors v. Aikens · Loeb v. Textron, Inc.
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 282 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[I]n cases where the hirer and the firer are the same individual and the termination of employment occurs within a relatively short time span following the hiring, a strong inference exists that discrimination was not a determining factor for the adverse action taken by the employer.”
24 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[i]t hardly makes sense to hire workers from a group one dislikes (thereby incurring the psychological costs of associating with them), only to fire them once they are on the job.”
15 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“In short, employers who knowingly hire workers within a protected group seldom will be credible targets for charges of pretextual firing”
13 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.