United States v. Springer’s Empirical Analysis
946 F.2d 1012 · 1991
Citation profile
38 federal appellate · 2 district · 6 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 60 later decisions — most recently May 2019 · most notably Kernats v. O'Sullivan (1994), United States v. Glover (1992)
38 federal appellate · 2 district · 6 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 3731 · 21 U.S.C. § 841 (§ 401 of the Controlled Substances Act)
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Florida v. Royer · United States v. Mendenhall · Florida v. Bostick · Immigration & Naturalization Service v. Delgado
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 60 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“even when officers have no basis for suspecting a particular individual, they may generally ask questions of that individual, ask to examine the individual’s identification, and request to search his or her luggage—as long as the police do not convey a message that compliance with their requests is required.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“that takes into account all of the circumstances surrounding the incident. See Michigan v. Chesternut, 486 U.S. 567 , 572-573, 108 S.Ct. 1975, 1978-79, 100 L.Ed.2d 565 (1988); I.N.S. v. Delgado, 466 U.S. 210 , 215, 104 S.Ct. 1758, 1762, 80 L.Ed.2d 247 (1984); United States v. Springer, 946 F.2d 1012 , 1016 (2d Cir.1991); United States v. Rose, 889 F.2d 1490 , 1493 (6th Cir.1989) (”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“the threatening presence of several officers; the display of a weapon; the physical touching of the person by the officer; language or tone indicating that compliance with the officer was compulsory; prolonged retention of a person’s personal effects, such as airplane tickets or identification; and a request by the officer to accompany him to the police station or a police room.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the dissent
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.