United States v. Six Hundred Thirty-Nine Thousand Five Hundred & Fifty-Eight Dollars’s Empirical Analysis
955 F.2d 712 · 1992
Citation profile
39 federal appellate · 6 district · 25 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 88 later decisions — most recently August 2018 · most notably United States v. Saccoccia (1995), United States v. $19191000 in US Currency R (1994)
39 federal appellate · 6 district · 25 state decisions — followed in 11 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Wong Sun v. United States · Katz v. United States · Mapp v. Ohio · Chimel v. California
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 88 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“for the limited purpose of establishing its existence, and the court's in rem jurisdiction over it.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“In order to blunt the implications of [cocaine being found on his currency, the defendant] called an expert, Dr. James Woodford, who testified that 90 percent of all cash in the United States contains sufficient quantities of cocaine to alert a trained dog, [citation omitted]. Officer Beard, the dog handler, suggested on the basis of hearsay that the number was lower, near 70 percent. (There is at least one study indicating that up to 97 percent of all bills in circulation in the country are contaminated by cocaine, with an average of 7.3 micrograms of cocaine per bill. Crime and Chemical Analysis, 243 SCIENCE 1554, 1555 (1989).) Why the nation’s currency is so thoroughly corrupted has been a topic of inquiry. It has been estimated that one out of every three circulating bills has been involved in a cocaine transaction. R. Siegel, Intoxication 293 (1989). Cocaine attaches — in a variety of ways — to the bills, which in turn contaminate others as they pass through cash registers, cash drawers, and counting machines at banks and commercial establishments, id.; Crime and Chemical Analysis, supra note 2, at 1555 [citation omitted]. Dr. Woodford testified that, as a result, bills may contain as little as a millionth of a gram of cocaine, but that is many times more cocaine than is needed for a dog to alert_ See generally Taslitz, Does the Cold Nose Know? The Unscientific Myth of the Dog Scent Lineup, 42 Hastings L.J. 15 , 29 & n. 71 (1990).”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“Like Judge Sporkin, we perceive no principled basis on which this case may be distinguished from Chadwick. Before searching [the claimant’s] luggage, the officers had “reduced” the luggage “to their exclusive control.” [The claimant] had been arrested and was handcuffed to a chair. The officers did not fear for their safety; there was no possibility that [the claimant] could destroy any evidence. Any need for swift action had by that time disappeared. [The claimant], like the arrestees in Chadwick, no longer had access to the luggage. (Citations omitted)”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.