Pb Nb Sg Lg Cd Dd v. Koch’s Empirical Analysis
Citation profile
5 district ·
How this case has been cited
Cited by 30 later decisions — most recently May 2025 · most notably Rhonda Gottlieb, by and Through Her Guardian and Parent, Mary Calabria v. Laurel Highlands School District Michael Carbonara (2001), Preschooler II
5 district ·
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Harlow v. Fitzgerald · Anderson v. Creighton · Graham v. Connor · Mitchell v. Forsyth · Sandin v. Conner
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 30 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“bears no reasonable relation to the need.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“children sent to public school are lawfully confined to the classroom, arbitrary corporal punishment represents an invasion of personal security to which their parents do not consent when entrusting the educational mission to the State.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“no reasonable [school official] could think it constitutional to intentionally ... slap .. . and slam students ...”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.