United States v. Gray’s Empirical Analysis
96 F.3d 769 · 1996
Citation profile
65 federal appellate · 1 district ·
How this case has been cited
Cited by 83 later decisions — most recently June 2025 · most notably United States v. Frost (1997), United States v. Rybicki (2003)
65 federal appellate · 1 district ·
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 1341 (White-Collar Crime Penalty Enhancement Act of 2002) · 18 U.S.C. § 1343 · 18 U.S.C. § 1346 · 18 U.S.C. § 2 · 18 U.S.C. § 371
Relies on Pioneer Investment Services Company v. Brunswick Associates Limited Partnership · Griffin v. Oceanic Contractors, Inc. · McNally v. United States · Chapman v. United States · United States v. Mazurie
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 83 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“is sufficient if a rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt based upon the evidence presented at trial.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“a violation of the [fiduciary] duty to disclose [can] only result in criminal mail fraud where the information withheld from the employer [i]s material,”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[A] breach of fiduciary duty can constitute illegal fraud . . . only when there is some detriment to the employer.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.