Ater v. Armstrong’s Empirical Analysis
961 F.2d 1224 · 1992
Citation profile
20 federal appellate · 1 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 29 later decisions — most recently July 2021 · most notably McTernan v. City of York (2009), Warren v. Fairfax County (1999)
20 federal appellate · 1 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on United States v. O'Brien · Williamson v. Lee Optical of Oklahoma, Inc. · Ward v. Rock Against Racism · Perry Education Ass'n v. Perry Local Educators' Ass'n · Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 29 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“By prohibiting the distribution of literature in the roadways, the statute eliminates no more activity than was considered necessary.... Although this statute presents an underinclusive remedy, it clearly serves the state’s interest in avoiding traffic congestion and fostering road safety. It cannot be doubted that Kentucky has the power to limit pedestrian activities upon its roadways. We cannot believe, as the dissent apparently would have us hold, that Kentucky prohibited nearly all forms of pedestrian activity upon its roads, excepting only solicitation, because it wished to censor expression. Its reason clearly was safety.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage“The legitimate government interest need only justify the general prohibition of protected activity; so long as its distinctions are content neutral, it need not justify the allowance of some expression.... Unless a prohibition is content based, we examine the legislature’s motive for prohibiting the forms of conduct it chooses to prohibit, not its motive for excepting other forms of conduct from the prohibition.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“that the streets of Jefferson County, Kentucky are traditional public fora.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.