Tom v. Voida’s Empirical Analysis
963 F.2d 952 · 1992
Citation profile
71 federal appellate · 11 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 146 later decisions — most recently April 2021 · most notably Cole v. Bone (1993), Baker v. Monroe Township (1995)
71 federal appellate · 11 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Graham v. Connor · Florida v. Royer · United States v. Mendenhall · Florida v. Bostick
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 146 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[A] police officer who chases a fleeing suspect unsuccessfully has not seized that person.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage“in view of all the circumstances surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would have believed that he was not free to leave.'”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage“Where the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a threat of serious physical harm, either to the officer or to others, it is not constitutionally unreasonable to prevent escape by using deadly force. Thus, if the suspect threatens the officer with a weapon or there is probable cause to believe that he has committed a crime involving the infliction of serious physical harm, deadly force may be used if necessary to prevent escape, and if, where feasible, some warning has been given.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.