Keen v. Penson’s Empirical Analysis
970 F.2d 252 · 1992
Citation profile
4 federal appellate ·
How this case has been cited
Cited by 13 later decisions — most recently January 2018
4 federal appellate ·
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on Pickering v. Board of Education of Township High School District 205 Will County Illinois · Connick v. Myers · Keyishian v. Board of Regents of Univ. of State of NY · Wooley v. Maynard · Sloan v. Hicks
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 13 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“Academic freedom prohibits state actions that 'cast a pall of orthodoxy over the classroom,' which is traditionally the 'marketplace of ideas.'”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.