United States v. Bloom’s Empirical Analysis
975 F.2d 1447 · 1992
Citation profile
88 federal appellate · 12 district · 9 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 132 later decisions — most recently May 2025 · most notably United States v. Fernandez (1994), United States v. Wood (1997)
88 federal appellate · 12 district · 9 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 21 U.S.C. § 841 (§ 401 of the Controlled Substances Act) · 28 U.S.C. § 1291
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Illinois v. Gates · Schneckloth v. Bustamonte · Florida v. Royer · United States v. Mendenhall
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 132 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[I]n order to determine whether a particular encounter constitutes a seizure, a court must consider all the circumstances surrounding the encounter to determine whether the police conduct would have communicated to a reasonable person that the person was not free to decline the officers’ requests or otherwise terminate the encounter.”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“we do not understand how Agent Ochoa would know whether defendant was acting nervous and excited or whether he was merely acting in his normal manner”
5 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“(1) consensual encounters which do not implicate the Fourth Amendment ... (2) investigative detentions which are Fourth Amendment seizures of limited scope and duration and must be supported by a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity ... and (3) arrests, the most intrusive of Fourth Amendment seizures and reasonable only if supported by probable cause.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.