Washington v. Lambert’s Empirical Analysis
98 F.3d 1181 · 1996
Citation profile
48 federal appellate · 12 district · 12 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 164 later decisions — most recently December 2024 · most notably Richard Leo Deorle v. Greg Rutherford Mick Grey County of Butte (2001), Longshore v. State (2007)
48 federal appellate · 12 district · 12 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Anderson v. Creighton · Brinegar v. United States · Kolender v. Lawson · Vandygriff v. Phillips
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 164 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“"In looking at the totality of the circumstances, we consider both the intrusiveness of the stop, i.e., the aggressiveness of the police methods and how much the [detainee's] liberty was restricted, [citation], and the justification for the use of such tactics, i.e., whether the officer had sufficient basis to fear for his safety to warrant the intrusiveness of the action taken. [Citation.] In short, we decide whether the police action constitutes a Terry stop or an arrest by evaluating not only how intrusive the stop was, but also whether the methods used were reasonable given the specific circumstances." (Emphasis in original.) Lambert, 98 F.3d at 1185 .”
7 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“especially intrusive means of effecting a stop [are permitted] in special circumstances, such as ... where the stop closely follows a violent crime”
5 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent“handcuffing substantially aggravates the intrusiveness”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.