majority">Danhof, C.J.

In an information filed in Calhoun County on April 17, 1978, the defendant was charged with breaking and entering, MCL 750.110; MSA 28.305. On the first day of trial, July 20, *6141978, the prosecutor filed a supplemental information charging the defendant as a third offender, MCL 769.11; MSA 28.1083, alleging prior felonies in Calhoun and neighboring Kalamazoo Counties. This information was submitted without objection from the defendant. Five days later, the defendant was convicted of the charged offense, and, after a partial trial on the recidivist charge, he pled guilty to an amended supplemental information charging him as a second offender, MCL 769.10; MSA 28.1082. An enhanced sentence of 8 to 15 years imprisonment was imposed.

Of the issues raised in this appeal, one merits discussion. Subsequent to the defendant’s claim of appeal, the Supreme Court issued its opinion in People v Fountain, 407 Mich 96; 282 NW2d 168 (1979). At oral argument, that case was the basis of an attack on the enhanced sentence. By leave, the parties have filed supplemental briefs.

In Fountain, defendant Fountain was tried and convicted of carrying a concealed weapon, for which he was sentenced to three to five years imprisonment. After he filed a claim of appeal from that conviction, his prosecutor charged him as a fourth offender. Tried on that supplemental information, Fountain’s sentence was enhanced to 15 to 30 years. Defendant Jones was tried and convicted of unarmed robbery and, before sentencing, pled guilty to a supplemental third offender information that was filed nearly a month after the conviction. Two separate sentences were imposed.

The Supreme Court vacated the sentence enhancement in each case in an opinion so brief that it can be quoted in its entirety, omitting only the facts of the cases set forth above:

"Per Curiam. Is it permissible to enhance sentence *615under the habitual offenders act if the prosecutor has reliable information pertaining to a person’s prior felony record before trial but does not charge the person as an habitual offender until after conviction is entered on the current felony charge?

"A prosecutor who knows a person has a prior felony record must promptly proceed, if at all, against the person as an habitual offender. People v Hatt, 384 Mich 302; 181 NW2d 912 (1970); People v Stratton, 13 Mich App 350; 164 NW2d 555 (1968). The prosecutor is not foreclosed from proceeding against a person as an habitual offender after conviction on the current offense provided he is unaware of a prior felony record until after the conviction. MCL 769.13; MSA 28.1085. The only recognized exception to this rule is when the delay is due to the need to verify out-of-state felony convictions based on the 'rap sheet’. People v Hendrick, 398 Mich 410; 247 NW2d 840 (1976).

"Here the prosecutors must be presumed to have known of the defendants’ prior felony records because their respective offices prosecuted the prior felonies. The habitual offender charges should have been filed with the information which charged the last felony to provide fair notice to the accused and avoid án appearance of prosecutorial impropriety.

"In lieu of granting leave to appeal, pursuant to GCR 1963, 853.2(4), we reverse the decisions of the Court of Appeals, vacate the habitual offender sentences, and order that Fountain’s 3- to 5-year sentence for carrying a concealed weapon be reinstated, and Jones’ 10- to 15-year sentence for unarmed robbery remain intact.

"Reversed.” (Footnotes omitted.) 407 Mich 96, 97-99.

The Chief Justice, joined by Justice Ryan, wrote separately:

"I concur in the results reached. Although the result in Jones may not be statutorily or constitutionally required, especially in the absence of any allegation or showing of prejudice from the delay, it is based on this *616Court’s supervisory powers over the practices and procedures used in the courts of this state. In order to avoid even the appearance of impropriety, the prosecutor should file the habitual offender information with the information charging the principal offense when he or she has prior knowledge of defendant’s previous conviction(s) Such information should be drawn up and presented so as to insure that it will not place the defendant’s past criminal record before the jury prior to the jury’s finding of guilt or innocence on the principal charge. See People v Burd, 1 Mich App 178; 134 NW2d 843 (1965).” (Footnotes omitted.) 407 Mich 96, 99-100.

The defendant claims that the prosecutor must be held to have had knowledge of his prior felony convictions before the first day of trial and argues that Fountainrequires us to vacate the enhancement of the sentence. The prosecutor responds that to do so would upset a past proceeding that was in compliance with the law in effect at the time of sentencing, affording an unwarranted "retroactive” effect to Fountain’s rule.

Our analysis of Fountainsuggests that that opinion sets forth two overlapping but distinct rules, each requiring a separate examination of its meaning and application.

The dimensions of the first Fountainrule are measured by the Court’s statement of the question presented by the facts of the Fountain and Jones convictions:

"Is it permissible to enhance sentence under the habitual offenders act if the prosecutor has reliable information pertaining to a person’s prior felony record before trial but does not charge the person as an habitual offender until after conviction is entered on the current felony charge?” (Footnote omitted.) 407 Mich 96, 97.

*617That question was answered in the negative. It is on this rule that the defendant’s appeal is based.

This case is quite clearly outside the facts, the stated question, and the holding in Fountain, for the supplemental recidivist information was filed five days before conviction.

Because the defendant’s claim is based on the Court’s statement that "a prosecutor who knows a person has a prior felony record must promptly proceed, if at all, against the person as an habitual offender”, we must also decide whether a supplemental recidivist information that is filed before conviction may nevertheless not be sufficiently prompt under Fountain’s first rule. To this end, we turn to the decisions upon which the promptness principle is apparently based: People v Hatt, 384 Mich 302; 181 NW2d 912 (1970), and People v Stratton, 13 Mich App 350; 164 NW2d 555 (1968).

Hattis of little assistance in this regard. While noting that earlier cases had approved the use of a single information to charge both a felony and recidivism, the HattCourt reversed that felony conviction because the two charges were tried in a "unitary trial” in which the defendant’s prior felony convictions were necessarily disclosed to the jury trying the latest offense. Hattapproved the resolution of that problem posited by Stratton.

Strattonset out a procedure by which a defendant’s prior felony convictions can be kept from the jury trying a later offense until conviction on that charge is had. It had been the defendant’s contention in that case that only a completely different jury could try the recidivist charge. In an initial opinion, the Court apparently held that the statute provided only for the filing of a supplemental information after conviction of the later offense. On rehearing, it was held that prosecutors *618were not precluded from filing recidivist charges before conviction:

"Implicit in the language just quoted — 'need not have been indicted and convicted as a previous offender’ and 'may be proceeded against as provided in the following section’ —is the concept that the procedure set forth in the 'following section,’ section 13, need not be followed and that an accused person may be punished pursuant to sections 10, 11 and 12 when 'indicted and convicted’ without regard to section 13.

"Thus, as we now read sections 10, 11, 12 and 13, they contemplate 2 separate situations and procedures to be followed when the prosecutor desires to make possible the meting out of an increased penalty pursuant to the habitual criminal sections of the code of criminal procedure. The procedure set forth in section 13 is to be followed whenever it appears to the prosecutor 'after conviction’ of the current charge that the felon has a prior felony record. However, where it appears to the prosecutor before conviction of the current charge that the accused person is a prior felon, the accused person is to be informed against as a prior offender prior to conviction on the current charge; the procedure set forth in section 13 need not be followed.” (Footnotes omitted.) 13 Mich App 350, 356.

Our inspection of Strattonreveals no assignment of legal significance to any stage of prosecution other than the time of conviction. Turning as a last resort to People v Hendrick, 398 Mich 410, 420-421; 247 NW2d 840 (1976), which the FountainCourt cites as the "only recognized exception” to the rule that recidivist charges must be filed before conviction, we find only this ambiguous resolution of a claim that a postconviction filing came too late:

"The Court said [in People v Marshall, 41 Mich App 66; 199 NW2d 521 (1972)] 'the prosecutor had discretion *619to file a supplemental information under the Habitual Criminal Act after conviction and is not limited to filing such supplemental information prior to conviction of the current charge, where he has knowledge of the previous conviction’. However, defendant’s conviction was reversed because

'once the prosecutor was aware that defendant would not be sentenced to a mandatory life imprisonment, he should have acted promptly to file his supplemental information. Any delay was solely for his convenience. Therefore, where no good reason exists for the delay in filing a supplemental information charging the defendant as a subsequent offender, and the delay on the part of the prosecutor substantially prejudices defendant’s rights, the filing of that supplemental information clearly denies defendant his right to due process of law.’

"In this case the prosecutor had an FBI rap sheet indicating convictions in Washington and North Dakota. We agree it 'would be foolish to rely solely upon a rap sheet for information’. The prosecutor acted properly in this case. The Court of Appeals is affirmed.”1

These cases, the foundations of Fountain's first rule, give us no indication that a prosecutor who files a recidivist information before conviction of a later felony charge has not proceeded "promptly”. We are thus unable to vacate the defendant’s sentence enhancement on the authority of Fountain's first rule. This disposition makes it unnecessary to determine whether this rule should be afforded "retroactive” effect.2_

*620The preceding discussion exhausts the defendant’s arguments in this appeal. However, Fountainsets forth another rule which, if applicable to this case, would appear to require that we vacate the enhancement of the defendant’s sentence. The Court wrote:

"Here the prosecutors must be presumed to have known of the defendants’ prior felony records because their respective offices prosecuted the prior felonies. The habitual offender charges should have been filed with the information which charged the last felony to provide fair notice to the accused and avoid an appearance of prosecutorial impropriety.” 407 Mich 96, 99.

This rule is distinguished from the first Fountainrule in several important respects. Although it overlaps the first rule, it has a potentially far greater impact on prosecutorial practices. It establishes a rigid schedule for filing informations that is not found in earlier cases. It is set forth without citation to case law, and is not necessary to the decision of the case, given the first Fountainrule.

The prosecutor does not suggest that he filed the supplemental habitual offender information "with” the information charging the defendant with *621breaking and entering. Rather, the prosecutor argues that Fountain’s ruling should not be applied "retroactively” to a case that was pending in this Court when Fountainwas released.

Discussing the problems of retrospective and prospective application of newly announced principles of law, the Supreme Court of the United States wrote in Linkletter v Walker, 381 US 618, 629; 85 S Ct 1731; 14 L Ed 2d 601 (1965):

"Once the premise is accepted that we are neither required to apply, nor prohibited from applying, a decision retrospectively, we must then weigh the merits and demerits in each case by looking to the prior history of the rule in question, its purpose and effect, and whether retrospective operation will further or retard its operation. We believe that this approach is particularly correct with reference to the Fourth Amendment’s prohibitions as to unreasonable searches and seizures. Rather than 'disparaging’ the Amendment we but apply the wisdom of Justice Holmes that '[t]he life of the law has not been logic: it has been experience.’ Holmes, The Common Law 5 (Howe ed 1963).”

Our Supreme Court adopted the Linkletterrestatement of these interrelated principles in People v Hampton, 384 Mich 669, 674; 187 NW2d 404 (1971):

"[T]his Court is under no constitutional compulsion to apply the Cole rule, either prospectively or retrospectively.

"The United States Supreme Court has discussed various factors to be used in determining whether a law should be applied retroactively or prospectively. There are three key factors which the court has taken into account: (1) the purpose of the new rule; (2) the general reliance on the old rule; and (3) the effect on the administration of justice. See, e.g., Linkletter v Walker (1965), 381 US 618 (85 S Ct 1731, 14 L Ed 2d 601); *622Tehan v United States ex rel Shott (1966), 382 US 406 (86 S Ct 459, 15 L Ed 2d 453).”

Fountainset forth the "simultaneous filing” rule "to provide fair notice to the accused and avoid an appearance of prosecutorial impropriety”. By its terms, the rule is absolute, applying to every recidivist prosecution regardless of actual prejudice to the defendant or real lapse of prosecutorial integrity. By implication, it states that pretrial notice of a prosecutor’s intent to seek sentence enhancement is a right of some weight.

Although our courts do not lack the ability and authority to address particular instances of unfair surprise or prosecutorial misconduct (see People v Marshall, 41 Mich App 66; 199 NW2d 521 [1972]), in the inflexibility of its application this Fountainrule seeks to foreclose completely the chance that defendants might suffer harm from such events. It thus shows the main identifying characteristic of a "prophylactic” rule, guarding in every prosecution rights that are actually violated in but a few. It represents a determination that its extra measure of protection to defendants justifies the price to be paid in prosecutorial effort and discipline and frustration of the legislative scheme to impose enhanced sentences on habitual criminals.

The rules that have governed filing of recidivist charges comprise a patchwork of varying concepts and concerns, as the review of that history in Hendrick, supra,illustrates. It was once believed that a court was without jurisdiction to impose an enhanced sentence unless early filing of recidivist charges produced a "unified” trial. In re Brazel, 293 Mich 632; 292 NW 664 (1940), apparently abandoned jurisdictional worries in favor of giving more discretion to prosecutors.

*623The next problem to receive attention was the presentation of "unified” recidivist informations to juries empaneled to hear evidence in prosecutions for later felonies. See People v Burd, 1 Mich App 178; 134 NW2d 843 (1965). In People v Cairns, 4 Mich App 633; 145 NW2d 345 (1966), this Court suggested that to avoid this prejudicial event, prosecutors should withhold supplemental recidivist informations until after conviction of a subsequent offense. In Stratton, supra,it was held that a prosecutor could file his supplemental information before conviction if he kept it from untimely exposure to the jury. The ambiguous resolution of Hendrickeither announced no firm rule of prosecutorial timing or held that there was generally an obligation to file recidivist charges before conviction of a later offense. Justice Levin’s lone dissent is apparently our courts’ only expression of concern for lengthy pretrial notice of prosecutorial intent to press habitual offender charges.

While Hendrickprovides some support for the view that recidivist charges may not be filed after conviction of a later offense, we have found no case reversing habitual offender sentence enhancement for that reason alone. That a supplemental information charging a defendant as an habitual offender must be filed with the information charging the latest offense appears for the first time in Fountain.

This history shows that until Fountain’s release, the prosecutors of this state had good cause to believe that their notice obligation to the recidivist was discharged by filing a supplemental information any time before conviction. We do not doubt that scores of prosecutors were surprised to find their practices disapproved by the Fountainopinion.

*624The third Hampton-Linkletter factor is "the effect on the administration of justice” that would be produced by a suggested application of the new rule. This "formula” statement is expanded in Linkletter, where the Court considered whether "retroactive operation [of the new rule] will further or retard its operation”. 381 US 618, 629. In this case, it is suggested that the "simultaneous filing” rule should be applied to a case that was on appeal when Fountainwas released. We are not asked to consider whether absolute "Blackstonian” retroactivity is in order.

The "simultaneous filing” rule is violated, if at all, when the information charging a later offense is filed. If the rule’s schedule is not observed, its power to insure against unfair surprise and the appearance of prosecutorial impropriety is immediately reduced. The automatic invalidation of a subsequent enhanced sentence is not itself a restoration of that protection but does serve to completely vindicate the right denied a defendant who has suffered the injuries the rule was designed to prevent.

In the vast majority of cases, however, neither prosecutorial impropriety nor lack of fair notice will be shown merely by noncompliance with Fountain’s rule; the common practice of plea bargaining can easily produce an entirely proper and harmless reason for delay. In such cases, automatic invalidation cures no real injury but merely pleases defendants and chastises prosecutors. In cases arising after Fountain’s release, the undeserved benefit to defendants is incidental to the completely legitimate end of enforcing the state’s rules of prosecutorial practice. The "discipline” thus meted out to prosecutors who ignore the law furthers the operation of the rule by producing compliance in later cases.

*625However, should Fountain’s rule be applied to cases in which original informations were filed before that rule was announced, an entirely different balance of values would be produced. As in all cases in which no actual harm has resulted, the benefit to this class of defendants would be undeserved. But in these cases, the goal of enforcing prosecutorial adherence to Fountain’s rule cannot be furthered by "penalizing” the prosecutors, for there has been no abandonment of any known prosecutorial duty. Application of the rule to cases antedating its genesis can please defendants, frustrate the statutory scheme, and demoralize prosecuting authorities, but can do nothing more.

The consequences of affording even limited retrospective application to Fountain’s second rule would be significant. If the rule were applied to all cases not final on the day of Fountain’s release, it would invalidate every successful but noncomplying recidivist prosecution that was on appeal, awaiting the filing of a claim of appeal, awaiting sentencing, or otherwise in the circuit courts of this state on August 28, 1979. In not one of these cases could the prosecutor who filed the information charging a subsequent felony have known that a supplemental habitual offender information should have been filed "with” it. In none of these cases could any of the purposes of the simultaneous filing rule be furthered by vacating the enhanced sentence. We conclude that there is no end to be served by affording any retrospective effect to this prophylactic rule and that the costs of doing so would be great. The largest class of cases to which the rule can apply without fruitless injury to the sound administration of justice includes only those prosecutions in which the information charging the current or later felony was filed after *626August 28, 1979. The case at bar falls outside that class.

Affirmed.

Mackenzie, J. concurred.

Justice Levin dissented from the opinion in Hendrick, laying great weight on the notion that defendants who know before trial that recidivist charges are to be pursued will prepare more completely for trial than defendants who are not so informed. This view attracted no other adherence.

The Supreme Court has applied Fountainto summarily reverse two cases in which supplemental recidivist informations were filed after conviction and which were in the appellate process when Fountainwas released.

In People v Morris, 407 Mich 885 (1979), the sentence enhancement *620was vacated, and the defendant’s initial sentence was reinstated with citation to Fountain.

In People v Devine, 407 Mich 904; 284 NW2d 342 (1979), on similar facts, the same relief was granted, the Court commenting, "In resolving this case we intimate no opinion on the retroactivity of [Fountain].”

In People v Ronald Brown, 407 Mich 913 (1979), this Court’s summary affirmance of the conviction was reversed, and the case remanded "* * * for briefing and argument of the issues of (1) whether the timing of the prosecutor’s filing of the supplemental information was violative of the rule announced in [Fountain], and (2) if so, whether Fountainshould be given retroactive effect.”

The disposition and comments in Devineindicate a view that the first Fountainrule is not sufficiently novel to raise retroactivity questions when applied to a case that wás on appeal when Fountainwas released.

Citation profile

How this case has been treated — in progress