United States v. Lender’s Empirical Analysis
1993
Citation profile
77 federal appellate · 6 district · 26 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 208 later decisions — most recently June 2024 · most notably State v. Jason L. (2000), United States v. Branch (2008)
77 federal appellate · 6 district · 26 state decisions — followed in 12 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 5031 · 18 U.S.C. § 921 (Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act) · 18 U.S.C. § 922 (Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act) · 18 U.S.C. § 924
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Taylor v. United States · United States v. Cortez · Adams v. Williams · California v. Hodari D.
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 208 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“commonsensical proposition. Courts are not remiss in crediting the practical experience of officers”
12 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“an area's propensity toward criminal activity is something that an officer may consider”
7 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[e]vasive conduct, although stopping short of headlong flight, may inform an officer's appraisal of a streetcorner encounter.”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.