Howard v. Senkowski’s Empirical Analysis
986 F.2d 24 · 1993
Citation profile
41 federal appellate · 1 district · 24 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 97 later decisions — most recently September 2024 · most notably United States v. Darden (1995), Tankleff v. Da Senkowski (1998)
41 federal appellate · 1 district · 24 state decisions — followed in 14 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green · Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine · Batson v. Kentucky · Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle · Teague v. Lane
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 97 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“the same challenges would have been exercised for race-neutral reasons.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“In the realm of constitutional law, whenever challenged action would be unlawful if improperly motivated, the Supreme Court has made it clear that the challenged action is invalid if motivated in part by an impermissible reason but that the alleged offender is entitled to the defense that it would have taken the same action in the absence of the improper motive.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. Gattis v. Snyder · State v. Gill“). 8 54 Batson indicated the question of whether a defendant had met his burden of proving intentional or purposeful discrimination on the part of the state was the same”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.