Michael C. Liddell, a Minor, by Minnie Liddell, His Mother and Next Friend Kendra Liddell, a Minor, by Minnie Liddell, Her Mother and Next Friend Minnie Liddell Roderick D. Legrand, a Minor, by Lois Legrand, His Mother and Next Friend Lois Legrand Clodis Yarber, a Minor, by Samuel Yarber, His Father and Next Friend Samuel Yarber Earline Caldwell Lillie Caldwell Gwendolyn Daniels National Association for the Advancement of Colored People United States of America City of St. Louis v. Board of Education of the City of St. Louis John P. Mahoney, President, Board of Education of the City of St. Louis Penelope Alcott, a Member of the Board of Education Marjorie R. Smith, a Member of the Board of Education Earl E. Nance, Jr., a Member of the Board of Education Thomas F. Bugel, a Member of the Board of Education Louis P. Fister, a Member of the Board of Education Nancy L. Hagan, a Member of the Board of Education Earl P. Holt, Iii, a Member of the Board of Education Shirley M. Kiel, a Member of the Board of Education Gwendolyn A. Moore, a Member of the Board of Education Dr. Joyce M. Thomas, a Member of the Board of Education Rufus Young, Jr. Julius C. Dix David J. Mahan, Interim Superintendent of Schools, Ronald Leggett, St. Louis Collector of Revenue, State of Missouri John Ashcroft, Governor of the State of Missouri William Webster, Attorney General Wendell Bailey, Treasurer James Moody, Commissioner of Administration Robert E. Bartman, Commissioner of Education Missouri State Board of Education Roseann Bentley, Member of the Missouri State Board of Education Raymond McCallister Jr., Member of the Missouri State Board of Education Susan D. Finke, Member of the Missouri State Board of Education Thomas R. Davis, Member of the Missouri State Board of Education Gary D. Cunningham, Member of the Missouri State Board of Education Rebecca M. Cook, Member of the Missouri State Board of Education Sharon M. Williams, Member of the Missouri State Board of Education, Special School District of St. Louis County Affton Board of Education Bayless Board of Education Brentwood Board of Education Clayton Board of Education Ferguson-Florissant Board of Education Hancock Place Board of Education Hazelwood Board of Education Jennings Board of Education Kirkwood Board of Education Ladue Board of Education Lindbergh Board of Education Maplewood-Richmond Heights Board of Education Mehlville Board of Education Normandy Board of Education Parkway Board of Education Pattonville Board of Education Ritenour Board of Education Riverview Gardens Board of Education Rockwood Board of Education University City Board of Education Valley Park Board of Education Webster Groves Board of Education Wellston Board of Education St. Louis County Buzz Westfall, County Executive James Baker, Director of Administration, St. Louis County, Missouri Robert H. Peterson, Collector of St. Louis County "Contract Account," St. Louis County, Missouri, St. Louis Teachers' Union, Local 420, Aft, Afl-Cio. Intervenor. Michael C. Liddell, a Minor, by Minnie Liddell, His Mother and Next Friend Kendra Liddell, a Minor, by Minnie Liddell, Her Mother and Next Friend Minnie Liddell Roderick D. Legrand, a Minor, by Lois Legrand, His Mother and Next Friend Lois Legrand Clodis Yarber, a Minor, by Samuel Yarber, His Father and Next Friend Samuel Yarber, Earline Caldwell Lillie Caldwell Gwendolyn Daniels National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Amici Curiae, United States of America City of St. Louis v. Board of Education of the City of St. Louis John P. Mahoney, President, Board of Education of the City of St. Louis Penelope Alcott, a Member of the Board of Education Marjorie R. Smith, a Member of the Board of Education Earl E. Nance, Jr., a Member of the Board of Education Thomas F. Bugel, a Member of the Board of Education Louis P. Fister, a Member of the Board of Education Nancy L. Hagan, a Member of the Board of Education Earl P. Holt, Iii, a Member of the Board of Education Shirley M. Kiel, a Member of the Board of Education Gwendolyn A. Moore, a Member of the Board of Education Dr. Joyce M. Thomas, a Member of the Board of Education Rufus Young, Jr. Julius C. Dix David J. Mahan, Interim Superintendent of Schools, Ronald Leggett, St. Louis Collector of Revenue, State of Missouri John Ashcroft, Governor of the State of Missouri William Webster, Attorney General Wendell Bailey, Treasurer James Moody, Commissioner of Administration Robert E. Bartman, Commissioner of Education Missouri State Board of Education Roseann Bentley, Member of the Missouri State Board of Education Raymond McCallister Jr., Member of the Missouri State Board of Education Susan D. Finke, Member of the Missouri State Board of Education Thomas R. Davis, Member of the Missouri State Board of Education Gary D. Cunningham, Member of the Missouri State Board of Education Rebecca M. Cook, Member of the Missouri State Board of Education Sharon M. Williams, Member of the Missouri State Board of Education Special School District of St. Louis County Affton Board of Education Bayless Board of Education Brentwood Board of Education Clayton Board of Education Ferguson-Florissant Board of Education Hancock Place Board of Education Hazelwood Board of Education Jennings Board of Education Kirkwood Board of Education Ladue Board of Education Lindbergh Board of Education Maplewood-Richmond Heights Board of Education Mehlville Board of Education Normandy Board of Education Parkway Board of Education Pattonville Board of Education Ritenour Board of Education Riverview Gardens Board of Education, Rockwood Board of Education, University City Board of Education Valley Park Board of Education Webster Groves Board of Education, Wellston Board of Education St. Louis County, Buzz Westfall, County Executive James Baker, Director of Administration, St. Louis County, Missouri Robert H. Peterson, Collector of St. Louis County "Contract Account," St. Louis County, Missouri, St. Louis Teachers' Union, Local 420, Aft, Afl-Cio. Amicus Curiae’s Empirical Analysis

1993