United States v. Lee’s Empirical Analysis
991 F.2d 343 · 1993
Citation profile
69 federal appellate ·
How this case has been cited
Cited by 105 later decisions — most recently May 2025 · most notably United States v. Elder (1996), United States v. Lloyd (1993)
69 federal appellate ·
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 21 U.S.C. § 846 (§ 406 of the Controlled Substances Act)
Relies on Jackson v. Virginia · Bourjaily v. United States · Kashif v. United States · American Sterilizer Co. v. Sybron Corp. · Gregory v. Frontier Materials, Inc.
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 105 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“the government is required to prove the existence of an agreement to violate the drug laws and that each conspirator knew of, intended to join, and participated in the conspiracy.”
12 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“the relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“whether the charge taken as a whole, fairly and adequately submits the issues and applicable law to the jury.”
5 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.