Kopf v. Skyrm’s Empirical Analysis
993 F.2d 374 · 1993
Citation profile
21 federal appellate · 7 district · 13 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 72 later decisions — most recently January 2025 · most notably United States v. Perkins (2006), 112 Md. App. 526 - Williams v. Prince George's County (1996)
21 federal appellate · 7 district · 13 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on Monell v. Department of Social Services of City of New York · Graham v. Connor · Tennessee v. Garner · United States v. Rabinowitz · Brewster v. Derwinski
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 72 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[A] blanket rule that expert testimony is generally admissible in excessive force cases would be just as wrong as a blanket rule that it is not. The facts of every case will determine whether expert testimony would assist the jury. Where force is reduced to its most primitive form — the bare hands— expert testimony might not be helpful.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“Friendship Heights Associates v. Koubek, 785 F.2d 1154 , 1159 (4th Cir.1986). Testimony from an expert is presumed to be helpful unless it concerns matters within the everyday knowledge and experience of a lay juror. Persinger v. Norfolk & Western Railway Co., 920 F.2d 1185, 1188 (4th Cir.1990) (testimony about how difficult it is to lift heavy things is not”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“the purported expert must have neither satisfactory knowledge, skill, experience, training nor education on the issue for which the opinion is proffered.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.