Ward v. Hickey’s Empirical Analysis
996 F.2d 448 · 1993
Citation profile
49 federal appellate · 11 district · 2 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 80 later decisions — most recently January 2023 · most notably Morgan v. Swanson (2011), Cockrel v. Shelby County School District (2001)
49 federal appellate · 11 district · 2 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle · Perry v. Sindermann · Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District · Christiansburg Garment Co. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission · Perry Education Ass'n v. Perry Local Educators' Ass'n
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 80 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“assure . . . that readers or listeners are not exposed to material that may be inappropriate for their level of maturity, and that the views of the individual speaker are not erroneously attributed to the school.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“a district court should not deny fees for defending frivolous claims merely because calculation would be difficult.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“If teachers must fear retaliation for every utterance, they will fear teaching.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.