Williams ex rel. Williams v. School District of Bethlehem, PA’s Empirical Analysis
998 F.2d 168 · 1993
Citation profile
18 federal appellate · 7 district ·
How this case has been cited
Cited by 51 later decisions (1 by the Supreme Court) — most recently April 2024 · most notably Lillard v. Shelby County Board of Education (1996), Cohen v. Brown University (1996)
18 federal appellate · 7 district ·
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Chevron U. S. A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. · City of Cleburne Texas v. Cleburne Living Center · Craig v. Boren · Middlesex County Sewerage Authority v. National Sea Clammers Assn. · Rosenberg v. Fleuti
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 51 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“members of the excluded sex must be allowed to try-out for the team offered unless the sport involved is a contact sport[.]”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“The mere opportunity to try out for a team ... is not determinative of the question of 'previously limited' athletic opportunities under title IX. 'Athletic opportunities' means real opportunities, not illusory ones.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“refuse[ ] to hear plaintiff 's section 1983 claim.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.