alcohol

See Distiller; Liquor. An act of Congress approved May 20, 1887 (24 St. L. 69), the substance of which has been enacted in many of the States, provides — " Section 1. That the nature of alcoholic drinks and.narcotics, and special instruction as to their effects upon the human system, in connection with the several divisions of the subject of physiology and hygiene, shall be included in the branches of study taught in the common or publie schools, and in the military and naval schools, and shall be studied and taught as thoroughly and in the same manner as other like required branches are in said schools, by the use of textbooks in the hands of pupils where other branches are thus studied in said schools, and by all pupils in all said schools throughout the Territories, in the military and naval academies of the'United States, and in the District of Columbia, and in all Indian and colored schools in the Territories of the United States. " Sec. 2. That it shall be the duty of the proper officers in control of any school described in the foregoing section to enforce the provisions of this act; and any such officer, school director, committee, superintendent, or teacher who shall refuse or neglect to comply with the requirements of this act, or shall neglect or fail to make proper provisions for the instruction required and in the manner specified by the first section of this act, for all pupils in each and every school under his jurisdiction, shall be removed from office, and the vacancy filled as in other cases. "Sec. 3. That no certificate shall be granted to any person to teach in the public schools of the District of Columbia or Territories, after January 1. 1888, who has not passed a satisfactory examination in physiology and hygiene, with special reference to the nature and 'Randall v. Sanderson, 111 Mass. 119 (1872), oases; 64 N. Y. 489; 25 Tex. 238; 17 Am. L. Eeg. 440, note. "Washb. Easem. 618; 115 Mass. 204; 34 Md. 1. the effects of alcoholic drinks and other nai'coticB upon the human system." AIiDEBMAIT.i Originally, a senior: a superior in wisdom or authority. A word of frequent occurrence among the Anglo- Saxons. All princes and rulers of provinces, all earls and barons, were aldermen in a general sense: but the word applied more particularly to certain chief officers. In modern times, an officer in municipal corporations who is a kind of "assessor" to the chief magistrate.^ In England he sat with the bishop at the trial of causes, applying the common, while the latter expounded the ecclesiastical, law. Aldermen also sat as justices of assize, and exercised such powers of government as were conferred by the charters of their cities or towns, in that character talcing (Jbgnizance of both civil and criminal matters. The term has designated an offlcer having judicial as well as civil power, in England from a period beyond the Conquest. ^ In American cities "the aldermen" are a legislative body with limited judicial power, as, in matters of internal police; in some cities they hold separate courts and exercise magisterial authority.* In some cities their sole functions are those of a magistrate of a court not of record and of limited statutory jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters: corresponding, in these respects, to justices of the peace in boroughs and townships. See Council, 3; Jos TicE, 2; Magistrate. AIiE. See Liquor.