Constitutional

That which is consonant and agrees with the constitution. Laws made in violation of the constitution are null and void. It is well established that it is the function of the courts so to declare them in any case coming before the court, which involves the question of their constitutionality. See infra. "An unco: tional law is not a law."

Chicago, I. & L. Ry. Co. v. Hackett, 228 U. S. 559, 33 Sup. Ct. 5S1, 57 L. Ed. —.

The presumption is always in favor of the constitutionality Of a law, and the party alleging the opposite must clearly establish it; Fletcher v. Peck, 6 Cra. ( i'. S.) 87, 3 L. Ed. 162; Sw. Kechel, 159 U. S. 3S0, 16 Sup. Ct. 43, 40 L. Ed. 1SS; U. S. v. Ry. Co..

160 D. EL 668, 16 Sup. Ct. 1-7. K> L. Ed. 576; Ex parte Davis, 21 Fed. 396; Swing v. Hoblitzelle, S5 Mo. 64; Pleuler v. state, ll Neb. 547, 10 N. W. 481; Oom'rs Of Leavenworth County v. Miller. 7 Kan. 47!>. 12 Am. Rep. 42.".; Sawyer v. Dooley, -l Nev. 390, 32 Pac. 437; In re League Island. 1 P.rewst. (Pa.) •"•_' 1: People v. Reardon, 184 N. Y. 431, 77 x. E. 970, 8 L. R. A. iX.

S.) 314, 112 Am. St. Rep. 628, <"> Ann. ('as. 515; Xew York v. Reardon, 415, 9 Ann. Cas. 736; where an act is capable of two interpretations, the court will adopt that which will sustain it rather than that which will render it void as unconstitutional; St.

Louis Nat

Bank v. Papin, 4 Dill. 29, Fed. Cas. No. 12,239; the incompatibility of the statute with the constitution should be so clear as to leave little reason for doubt before it is pronounced to be invalid; Ex parte Garland, 4 Wall. (U. S.) 333, 18 L. Ed. 3G6. An act may be declared partly valid and partly void as unconstitutional; Com. v. Kimball, 24 Pick. (Mass.) 361, 35 Am. Dec. 326; Berry v. R. Co., 41 Md. 446, 20 Am. Rep. 69; Mc Pherson v. Secretary of State, 92 Mich. 377, 52 N. W. 469, 16 L. R. A. 475, 31 Am. St. Rep. 587; In re Sternbach, 45 Fed. 175; Marshall Field & Co. v. Clark, 143 U. S. 649, 12 Sup. Ct. 495, 36 L. Ed. 294; Unity v. Burrage, 103 U. S. 459, 26 L. Ed. 405; Presser v. Illinois, 116 U. S. 252, 6 Sup. Ct. 580, 29 L. Ed. 615; Gamble v. Mc- Crady, 75 N. C. 509. A part of a law may be unconstitutional, while there is no such objection to the remaining parts, and in this case all of the law stands, except that part which is unconstitutional; People v. Van De Carr, 178 N. Y. 425, 70 N. E. 965, 66 L. !R. A. 189, 102 Am. St. Rep. 516; Cella Commission Co. v. Bohlinger, 147 Fed. 419, 78 C. C. A. 467, 8