By-Laws

In Old English Law. The ordinances of a town or village. See "By." In Modern Usage. Rules and ordinances made by a corporation for its own government. See 18 App. Div. (N. Y.) 142. Distinguished from resolution, see "Resolution."

Originally the local laws of municipal corporations, as distinguished from the general laws of the land. Now generally the private laws or regulations made by any corporation for its own government C. An abbreviation for chancellor, chapter, circuit, code. Formerly in some jurisdictions branded on the forehead as part of the punishment for counterfeiting. C. A. T.: Curia advisari vult. C. C: cepi cor%Ms; circuit, county or city court; criminal, civil or chancery cases; civil code. C. J.: chief justice. C. 0. D.: collect on delivery. C. P.: common pleas.

In English law. C. B.: chief baron; common bench. C. C: crown cases. C. R.: curia regis.

In the civil law. The initial letter of condemno, I condemn, inscribed on the ballots by which, among the Romans, jurors voted for condemnation. The initial letter of the word codex, sometimes used in citing the code of Justinian. Ca., I. fr. Here. Ca et la: here and there. Ca. resp.: v. Capias ad respondendum. Ca. sa.: v. Capias ad satisfaciendum.

Regulations, ordinances, or rules enacted by a private corporation for its own povernment. A by-law is a rule or law of a corporation, for ita government, and is a legislative act, and the solemnities and sanction required by the charter must be observed. A resolution is not necessarily a by-law, though a by-law may be in the form of a resolution, 7 Barb. 508. “That the reasonableness of a by-law of a corporation is a question of law, and notof fact, has always been the established rule; but in the ease of State v. Overton, 24 N. J. Law, 435, a distinction was taken in this respect between a by-law and a regulation, the validity of the former being a jufons read in the case referred to, the view was clearly expressed that the reasonableness of a corporate regulation was properly for the consideration of the jury, and not of the court, yet it was nevertheless stated that the point was not involved inthe controversy then to be decided. There is no doubt that the rule thus intimated is in opposition to recent American authorities. Nor have I been able to find in the English books any such distinction as that above stated between a by-law and a regulation of a corporation.” 84 N. J. Law, 135. The word has also been used to designate the local laws or municipal statutes of a city ortown. But of late the tendency is to employ the word “ordinance” exclusively for this class of enactments, reserving “by-law” for the rules adopted by private corporations.

[L. Lat. bilagines, bellagines, from by, a town.] Originally, the local laws of towns, or municipal corporations, as distinguished from the general laws of the land. See Bilagines. Now generally used to signify the private laws or regulations made by any corporation for its own government; which are binding upon it if made in conformity with the general law of the land; otherwise they are void. 1 Bl. Com. 475, 476. 2 Kent's Com. 296, and note. Angell & Ames on Corp. 323, ch. 10.

are. rules and ordinances made by a corporation for its own government. The power to make by-hws is usually conferred by express terms of the charter creating the corporation, though, when not expressly granted, it is given. by implication, and it is incident to the very existence of a corporation. When there is an express grant, limited to certain cases and for certain purposes, the corporate power of legislation is confined to the objects