proper
Definitions from Case Law · United States Supreme Court
Definitions from Case Law
From 472 U.S. 559 - Central States, Southeast & Southwest Areas Pension Fund v. Central Transport, Inc. · 1985Most cited · 1,157 citing opinions
of verifying that the employer has accurately determined the class of covered employees.
How the Supreme Court has restated “proper”
Each Supreme Court definition of “proper,” sized by how often later courts cited it. “Change” is measured by wording overlap with earlier definitions — a rough signal, not a semantic judgment.
How often courts cite the cases defining “proper”
Court decisions citing the 4 opinions that defined “proper” — 1,414 in all, by decade. Counts are citations to the defining cases as a whole, not verified uses of the term. The dip in the most recent years is a data-coverage gap, not a real trend — our corpus holds fewer opinions from the latest years.
All 4 definitions, chronological · 1985–2024
for making those reforms effective.
of carrying this power into execution.
appropriate," "suitable," or "correct." Id., at 1983.