includes
Definitions from Case Law · United States Supreme Court
Definitions from Case Law
From 293 U.S. 121 - Helvering v. Morgan's, Inc. · 1934Most cited · 422 citing opinions
The natural distinction would be that where 'means' is employed, the term and its definition are to be interchangeable equivalents, and that the verb 'includes' imports a general class, some of whose particular instances are those specified in the definition.
How often courts cite the cases defining “includes”
Court decisions citing the 2 opinions that defined “includes” — 602 in all, by decade. Counts are citations to the defining cases as a whole, not verified uses of the term. The dip in the most recent years is a data-coverage gap, not a real trend — our corpus holds fewer opinions from the latest years.
All 2 definitions, chronological · 1934–1937
when an exclusive definition is intended the word 'means' is employed, as in the section we have quoted defining reorganization and in section 112(j), defining the term 'control,' whereas here the word used is 'includes
statutory