Og U.S

450, 24 L. Ed. 752; Clark v. Barnard, 108 U. S. 436, 2 Sup. Ct. 878, 27 L. Ed. 780; Martin v. R. Co., 151 U. S. 673, 14 Sup. Ct 533, 38 L. Ed. 311; Louisville. N. A. & C. R. Co. v. Trust Co., 174 l. 8. 552, 19 Sup. Ct. 817, 43 L. Ed. 1081; Maekay v. R. Co., 82 Com. 73, 72 Atl. 583, 24 L. R. A. (N. S.) 768; but the mere grant of privileges and powers to it as an existing corporation, without more, does not confer the power usually exercised over corporations by the state or by the legislature. The language used must imply creation or adoption; Pennsylvania R, Co. v. R. Co., 118 U. S. 200, 6 Sup. Ct. 1094, 30 L. Ed. 83; Goodlett v. R. R., 122 U. S. 391, 7 Sup. Ct. 1254, 30 L. Ed. 1230; St. Louis & S. P. R. Co. v. James, 1G1 U. S. 545, 1G Sup. Ct 621, 40 L. Ed. S02. Where a corporation is incorporated simultaneously in several states, it exists in each state; Pinney v. Nelson, 183 U. S. 149, 22 Sup. Ct. 52, 46 L. Ed. 125. Where it is sued in one of such states it cannot escape the jurisdiction thereof and remove the cause to the federal court; Patch v. R. Co., 207 U. S. 277, 28 Sup. Ct. 80, 52 L. Ed. 204, 12 Ann. Cas. 518, distinguishing Southern R. Co. v. Allison, 190 U. S. 326, 23 Sup. Ct. 713, 47 L. Ed. 1078. Where several corporations, each of a different state, are so consolidated by the co-operating legislation of those states as to assume a new corporate form and name, the consolidated corporation is, in each of those states, a corporation of such state; Patch v. R. Co., 207 U. S. 277, 28 Sup. Ct. 80, 52 L. Ed. 204, 12 Ann. Cas. 518. See Merger. Where property is involved, a corporation is regarded as a person separate and distinct from its stockholders, or any or all of them; Home Fire Ins. Co. v. Barber, 67 Neb. 644, 93 N. W. 1024, 60 L. R. A. 927, 108 Am. St. Rep. 716, per Pound, Com'r. The entirely separate identity of the rights and remedies of a corporation itself and the individual shareholders is settled; Big Creek Gap Coal & Iron Co. v. Trust Co., 127 Fed. 626, 62 C. C. A. 351; Bronson v. R. Co., 2 Wall. (U. S.) 283, li L. Ed. 725; Davenport v. Dows, 18 Wall. G2G, 21 L. Ed. 93S; Church v. R. Co., But it is held that while a corporation is ordinarily considered a legal entity, yet it may, in the interest of justice, be considered as an association of persons; and where one corporation is organized and owned by the stockholders and officers of another, they may be treated as identical; U. S. v. Transit Co., 142 Fed. 247. Its residence is fixed by artificial conditions, such as the location of its principal office, or (if a foreign corporation) the personal residence of its duly appointed attorney in facl on whom service is to be made in a state where it is registered as a f> corporation; Lemon v. Glass Co., 199 A corporation having stockholders is or- (janizcd when the first meeting has been called, the act of incorporation accepted, officers elected, and by-laws providing for future meetings adopted, within the meaning of a statute providing that incorporators and subscribers shall hold the franchise until the corporation is organized; Roosevelt v. Hamblin. 199 Mass. 127, ST> N. E. 98, 18 L. R. A. (N. S.) 748; or when the officers provided for in the law of its being have been appointed and taken upon themselves the burden of their offices; Com. v. Mann Co., 150 Pa. G4. 24 Atl. G01; Walton v. Oliver, 49 Kan. 107, 30 Pac. 172, 33 Am. St Rep. 355. It has been held not to be organized where it had not recorded a certificate of complete organization; Loverin v. Mc Laughlin, 161 111. 417, 44 N. E. 99; North Chicago Electric Ry. Co. v. Peuser, 190 111. 67, 60 N. E. 78; or filed its articles of incorporation; Capps v. Prospectr ing Co., 40 Neb. 470, 58 N. W. 95G, 24 L. R. A. 259, 42 Am. St. Rep. G77; or its certificate that the requisite capital stock had been deposited; Gent v. Ins. Co., 107 111. G52. In civil cases a corporation is liable for the malice of its officers and servants; [1900] 1 Q. B. 22; [1904] A. C. 423. Ordinarily in England it cannot be prosecuted for a crime; but it may be for a misdemeanor, which is merely a civil wrong; (e. g.) for breaches of the Food and 1 >ru:r Act; Odger, C. L. 1405. In the United States it may be indicted for crime, but not for every species; 5 Thomps. Cap. § G418. It may be for a criminal libel; Brennan v. Tracy. 2 Mo. App. 540 (dictum); for keeping a disorderly house; State v. Agricultural Soc, 54