Per

In Latin phrases. A preposition meaning by or through. PER AES ET LIBRAM (Lat. aes, brass, libram, scale).

In civil law. A sale was said to be made per aes et libram when one called Ubripens held a scale (libra), which the one buying struck with a brazen coin {aes), and said, "I say, by the right of a Roman, this thing is mine," and gave the coin to the vendor, in presence of at least three witnesses. This kind of sale was used in the emancipation of a son or slave and in making a will. Calv. Lex. "Mancipatio;" Vicat, "Mancipatio." PER ALLUVIONEM (Lat.)

In civil law. By alluvion, or the gradual and imperceptible increase arising from deposit by water. PER ALLUVIONEM ID VIDETUR ADJIci, quad Ita paulatim adjlcltur, ut intelligere non possumus quantum quoquo momento temporls adjiclatur. That is said to be added by alluvion which is so added little by little that we cannot tell how much is added at any one moment of time. Dig. 41. 1. 7. 1; Hale de Jur. Mar. par. 1, c. 4; Fleta, lib. 3, c. 2, § 6.

By. When a writ of entry is sued out against the alienee, or descendant of the original disseisor, it is then said to be brought in the per, because the writ states that the tenant had not the entry but by PER >€S ET LIBRAM (Lat. ces, brass, Hr bra, scale). In Civil Law. A sale was said to be made per <z% et libram when one called libripens held a scale {libra), which the one buying struck with a brazen coin {m), and said, “I say, by the right of a Roman, this thing is mine,” and gave the coin to the vendor, in presence of at least three witnesses. This kind of sale was used in the emancipation of a son or slave, and in making a will. Calvinus, Lex. Mandpatio.

I. By; through, in consequence of; according to; for; during. Per aiinuni: by the year; tor the space of a year. Vor capita: by heads; according to the number of persons; as individuals; share and share alike. Per contra: on the other hand. Per curiam, per cur.: by the court. Per diem: per day. Per eqnipollens: by an equivalent [word]. Per expressum: expressly. Per exteriora prsesumi poterit de interloribns: by outward acts we may judge of inward motives. Per fas aut nefas: by right or wrong. Per formam doni: by the form of the gift; by the designation of the giver, and not by the operation of law. Per frandem: by fraud; fraudulently; — et covinam: by fraud and covin.. Per incuriam: through inadvertence. Per infortunium: in criminal law, by misadventure; homicide of a certain kind, so called. V. Homicide per infortunium. Per legem: by the law; — Anglise: by the law of England; by the curtesy; — terrse: by the law of the land; by due process of law. Per minas: by threats. Per nomen: by the name. Per iiormam: by the rule; — legis communis: by the rule of the common law; — gtatnti: by the rule of the statuta Per procurationem, per proc': by appointment of power. Per quod: by which; whereby; words in a pleading introducing a consequence of law from matters of fact before stated; the initial words of the clause in a declaration stating "special damage; the name of the clause; — actio accrevit: whereby an action accrued; — consorti am amislt: whereby he lost the company or society (of his wife); a phrase in declarations in trespass by a husband for ill-using his wife, descriptive of the special damage sustained; — servitium amisit: whereby he lost the service (of his servant); a phrase in declarations in trespass by a master for illusing his servant, descriptive of the special damage sustained by the master. Per saltum: by a leap or bound; by a sudden movement; passing over certain proceedings. Per se: by itself; of itself. Per servltia: by the services; — antehac coiisueta: by the services hitherto accustomed; — debita: by the services due. Per servitium: by the service. Per stirpes: by stocks or roots; as representatives of stocks; in right of stocks; a term of the civil law, used to denote that rule of decent and distribution of estates by which the parties entitled take the shares which their stocks (such as a father), if living, would have taken. Per subseqnens matrimoniam: by a subsequent marriage. Per testes: by witnesses. Per totum tempus praidictum: during all the time aforesaid. Per nsucaptionem: by possession; by uninterrupted enjoyment Per verba: by words; — de futuro: by words of the future (tense); a phrase applied to contracta of marriage; — de prteseuti: by words of the present (tense); a phrase applied to contracts of marriao-e. In old Imv. Per annulum et baculum: vestiture. Per coiisequens: by oonseq^uence; consequently. Per considerationcm cnrisc: by the consideration (judgment) of the court. Per corpus: by the body; by the cluellum or battel, as distinguished from per pairiam; by taking the body, as on an attachment Per defaltam: by default Per extensum: at length. Per industriam lioiiiiiiis: by human industry; a term applied to the reclaiming or taming of wild animals. Per legale judicium parinm saoruiu: by the lawful judgment of his peers. Per medietatem lln^use: by half-tongue, v. Bilinguia. Per nictas et bundas: by metes and bounds. Per misadventure: by mischance. Per omnes: by all (the judges). Per pares: by the peers; — saos: by their peers. Per patriaui: by the country; by a jury. Per plegium: by pledge or surety; on bail. Per quae servitia: by which services; a judicial writ issuing from the note of a fine of lands, for the cognizee of a manor, seigniory, etc., to compel the ten-ant to attorn. Abolished by the statute 3 & 4 Will. IV., c. 27. Per totam curiam: by the whole court Per vadium: by gage; words in the old writs of attachment or pone. Per visum: by view; — ecclesise: by view of the church; under the supervision of the church, as the disposition of intestate's goods per visum ecclesice, in Magna Charta; — juratornm: by a view of the jury. Per vivam vocem: by the living voice; the same with viva voce. ' In the civil law. Per alluvionem: by alluvion; — id videtur adjici, qnod ita paulatim adjieitur, ut intelligere uon possimns quantum quoquo momcnto temporis adjiciatiir: that is considered to lie added by alluvion which is added so gradually that we cannot perceive how much is added at any moment of time. Per aversionem: by turning away; a sale in which the goods are taken in bulk, and for a single price, or where land is sold in gross, as so many acrea Per universitatem: by the whole or entirety; as a whole; in general, a terra applied to the acquisition of entire estates, as distinguished from single or separate articles of property.

In the Roman law. Per ass et librani: by brazen coin and balance; a term applied to the ceremony of emancipatmg a son, or making a will by sti'iking with a brazen coin a balance held by a person called libripens (balance holder).

In English law. Officers of the court of chancery; their offices were abolished by 5 & 6 Vict. ce. 103,

;. Through; by; during. Per ambages ods. Per annulum et baculum:.^jimng lus. Per annum: by the year. Per auter another; v. Pur. Per aversionem: a sale Per capita: per head; by heads, as stirpes, by roots of descent, by families. consequently. Per considerationem curiae of the court. Per contra: on the other (by the body): by battel, as distinguished Per, per and cui: y. Entry, writ of. Per from the ordiaarfs or to him who Court, 84. allowed a wife, child,; fungible goods; Pecunia non trajectitia: a loan of nauticum. attending fairs. on lands. Pedis sat in his court to having a seat in Parv. Action, Bill, during the suit, nihil Fructus.: by evasive methand staff; v. Annuvie: for the life of by bulk, in a lump. distinguished from per Per consequens:: by the judgment hand. Per corpus from trial by jury. our', curiam: by the equipollens: by an equivalent pressly. Per fas aut uefas; by doni: by the/oraj of the gift, which tail. Per fraudem: by fraud. Per infortunium: by misadventure. parium: by the lawful judgment