protection

In Mercantile Law. The name of a document generally given by notaries public to sailors and other persons going abroad, in which is certified that the bearer therein named is a citizen of the United States. In Governmental Law. That benefit or safety which the government affords to the citizens. In English Law. A privilege granted by the king to a party to an action, by which he is protected from a judgment which would otherwise be rendered against him. Of these protections there are several kinds. Fitzh. Nat. Brev. 65.

In Mercantile Law. The name of a document generally given by notaries public to sailors and other persons going abroad, in which is certified that the bearer therein named is a citizen of the United States. In Governmental Law. That benefit or safety which the government affords to the citizens. In English Law. A privilege granted by the king to a party to an action, by which he is protected from a judgment which would otherwise he rendered against him. Of these protections there are several kinds. Fitzh. N. B. 65.

In English law. A writ by which the king might, by a special prerogative, privilege a defendant from ail personui and many real suits for one year at a time, and no longer, in respect of his being engaged in his service out of the realm. 3 Bl. Comm. 289. In former times the name "protection" was also given to a certificate given to a sailor to show that he was exempt from impressment into the royal navy.

In mercantile law. The name of a document generally given by notaries public to sailors and other persons going abroad, in which it is certified that the bearer therein named is a citizen of the United States.

In public commercial law. A system by which a government imposes customs duties upon commodities of foreign origin or manufacture when imported into the country, with the purpose and effort of stimulating and developing the home production of the same or equivalent articles, by discouraging the importation of foreign goods, or by raising the price of foreign commodities to a point at which the home producers can successfully" compete with them.

In English law. A prerogative writ might privilege a defendant from all personal for a year, in respect of his being engaged in realm.

In maritime law. A certificate given by a public certifying that the bearer is a citizen.

See Assault; Defense, 1. "Nor shall any State.. deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.'" "^ By ' ' equal protection of the laws " is meant equal security to every one in his private rights — in his right to life, to liberty, to 1 Peek V. Gurney, L. R., 6 Eng. & Ir. Ap. 377 (187.3); Simons v. Vulcan Oil, &c. Co., 61 Pa. 202 (1869). 2 State V. Stoyell, 54 Me. 27 (1866), Appleton, C. J. s State V. Rice, 66 Iowa, 431 (1881). • Springer v. State, 16 Tex. Ap. 593 (1881), Willson, J., = [Carpenter v. People, 8 Barb. 610 (1850), Welles, P. J. » Commouwealth v. Cook, 12 Mete. 07 (1846). Dewey, J.; Fahnestock v. State, 102 Ind. 163-63 (1885), cases. property, and to the pursuit of happiness. It implies not only that the means which the laws afford for such security shall be equally accessible to him, but that no one shall be subject to any greater burdens or charges than such as are imposed upon all others under like circumstances. i See Citizen, page 184. The inhibition qiloted was designed to prevent any person or class of persons from being singled out as a special subject for discriminating and hostile legislation. Under the designation " person " a private corporation is included." Legislation which applies to particular bodies or associations, imposing upon them additional liabilities, is not forbidden, if all persons brought under its influence are treated alike under the same conditions. ^

A prerogative writ granted by the his employ, making the latter quit of all suits Protest The formal written declaration by a honor of a note or b Ul.

Besides its vernacular meaning of shelter from injury, a protection is used in law in the special sense of a certificate or writing showing a personal immunity. Thus it sometimes means a writ which the king, in virtue of his prerogative, might grant to a person named to be free from suits at law for a certain time, and for some reasonable cause: and these protections might issue for him who was going beyond sea in the king's service; or for him ■who was already abroad in the king's service, as an ambassador, &o.; or for the king's debtor, that he should not be sued till the king's debt should be satisfied. A protection might also be granted to a spiritual corporation, that their goods or chattels be not taken by the officer of the king for the king's service. Jacob. Brown says that this prerogative, however, is seldom exercised. It was formerly the subject of much abuse, whence the frequent complaints regarding it in the early constitutional period. While impressment of seamen to serve in the English navy was common, a certificate issued to a mariner to show that he was exempt from the press was called a protection. Protection order. This is a species of order grantable by the divorce court, or by a magistrate; under the divorce act of 1857, to a wife whose husband has protection order entitled her, during the continuance of such order, to enjoy her own property, and to bring actions as if unmarried. The occasions for such an order are much fewer since the passing of the married women's property act, 1870 (33 & 34 Vict. ch. 93), as that declares that the wages and earnings of a wife, and any money or property acquired by her through the exercise of any literary, scientific, or artistic skill, shall be deemed her separate property. 2 Steph. Com. 267. PROTECTOR OF SETTLE-

merc. law. The name of a document generally given by notaries public, to sailors and other persons going abroad, in which is certified that the bearer therein