Qui facit per alium, facit per se

If done by others under the command and direction of the owner, with his approbation and for his benefit, it is just as much in contemplation of law his own act, as if done by himself. To this extent, at least, the maxim may be safely applied, qui facit per alium, facit per se.

He who acts by or through another acts himself; i. e., the acts of an agent are the acts of the principal. 1 Bl. Comm. 429; Story, Ag. §440; 2 Bouv. Inst, notes 1273, 1335, 1336; 7 Man. & G. 32, 33; 16 Mees. & W. 26; 8 Scott, N. R. 590; 6 Clark & F. 600; 10 Mass. 155. QUI HABET JURISDICTIONEM ABSOLvend! habet jurisdictionem ligandi. He who has jurisdiction to loosen has jurisdiction to bind. 12 Coke, 59. QUI HAERET IN LITERA HAERET IN cortice. He who adheres to the letter adheres to the bark. Co. Litt. 289; 5 Coke, 4b; 11 Coke, 34b; 12 East, 372. QUI IGNORAT QUANTUM SOLVERE DEbeat non potest improbus videre. He who does not know what he ought to pay does not want probity in not paying. Dig. 50. 17. 99. QUI IN JUS DOMINIUMVE ALTERIUS succedit Jure ejus utI debet. He who succeeds to the right or property of another to it in the hands of the assig^nor. Dig. 50. 17. 177; Broom, Leg. Max. (3d London Ed.) 420, 425. QUI IN UTERO EST PRO JAM NATO habetur quoties de ejus commodo quaeritur. He who is in the womb is considered as born whenever his benefit is concerned. QUI JURE SUO UTITUR NEMIN1 FACIT injuriam. He who uses his legal rights harms no one. QUI JUSSU JUDICIS ALIQUOD FECERIT non videtur dole malo fecisse, quia parere necesse est. He who does anything by command of a judge will not be supposed to have acted from' an improper motive, because it was necessary to obey. 10 Coke, 76; Dig. 50. 17. 167. 1.