Fraud is either actual or constructive.
Cal. Civ. Code § 1571
Consent
Applied in 5 court decisions — leading case 246 Cal. App. 2d 123 - Odorizzi v. Bloomfield School District (1966)
Most recently applied in 891 F. Supp. 522 - Johnson v. International Business MacHines Corp. (June 1995)
Enacted 1872.
How often courts cite this section
Court decisions citing this, by year. The dip in the last several years is a data-coverage gap, not a real trend — our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so recent citations are undercounted.
Official source: California Legislative Information. Reproduced from public-domain California statutes; confirm against the official source for the current text. Not legal advice.