No person can be convicted of a crime or public offense except:
1. By the verdict of a jury accepted and recorded by the court;
2. Upon a plea of guilty;
3. Upon a judgment against that person, that person's motion to quash having been denied;
4. Upon a judgment of a municipal court, or such other court as is or may be created by law for cities in a case in which such judgment may be lawfully given without the intervention of a jury; or 5. By the judgment of a court, a jury having been waived.