[Cite as State v. Bush,
2020-Ohio-772.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. C-180625
TRIAL NO. C-18CRB-16759
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
O P I N I O N.
vs. :
AMANDA BUSH, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Municipal Court
Judgment Appealed From Is: Reversed and Appellant Discharged
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: March 4, 2020
Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Adam Tieger, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,
Raymond T. Faller, Hamilton County Public Defender, and Sarah E. Nelson, Assistant
Public Defender, for Defendant-Appellant.
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
BERGERON, Judge.
{¶1} Sometimes, even the best-behaved children prove incapable of following
simple directions from their parents. A mother instructed her four-year-old daughter to
play in their front yard with her elder brother. Wandering outside and seeing the brother
nowhere, the girl left the premises to explore across the street. Police officers intercepted
her moments later and returned her home, with the entire incident lasting about five
minutes. Although the mother was convicted for child endangerment, on the record before
us, we find that the state failed to present sufficient evidence of the mother’s recklessness.
We accordingly reverse her conviction.
I.
{¶2} In June 2018, during a routine patrol, Detective Chris Jones (accompanied by
a training officer) observed a four-year-old girl darting across a two-lane road in the Mt.
Healthy area and weaving in and out of parked cars as she went. Concerned about the child,
the two officers stopped their patrol vehicle and approached her, noticing the child was
shoeless and unsupervised. Though the child could not provide her address, she was able to
lead the officers to her house, about 100 yards away from where the officers found her.
Upon arriving at the child’s home five minutes later, the officers knocked on defendant-
appellant Amanda Bush’s door, informing Ms. Bush they discovered her child alone and
running across the street.
{¶3} Surprised, Ms. Bush explained that her ten-year-old son was supposed to be
watching the child while they played in the front yard. The officer, however, relayed that
they observed no child either in the front yard or in the vicinity where they first discovered
the errant child. After speaking with Ms. Bush for a couple of minutes, Detective Jones
requested that Ms. Bush accompany him to his patrol car, inquiring further about her
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
unsupervised daughter. During this conversation, Ms. Bush repeatedly emphasized that her
daughter had not previously run off on her own like this and that she knew the boundaries
where she was allowed to play. Further, Ms. Bush maintained that her daughter had just
come inside for a banana before she sent her back out to play with her brother (a child’s
bicycle rested on Ms. Bush’s front lawn at the time). Nevertheless, Detective Jones issued a
citation to Ms. Bush for child endangerment.
{¶4} At trial, Detective Jones testified to the events above, noting that he
discovered the child unsupervised, observed her darting across the street and weaving
between parked cars on the road, and never once noticed an elder child in the vicinity
during the entire 20-minute interaction. Testifying in her own defense, Ms. Bush reiterated
that, on the day in question, she instructed her daughter to go play in the front yard with her
brother, who she had just seen outside. In describing the event, Ms. Bush noted that her
daughter was not outside for even five minutes before the officers came knocking on her
door. Ms. Bush also discussed the boundaries she sets for her children, maintaining that
her daughter may not cross the street alone or venture anywhere by herself, and that her
sons know they may not roam from the house with their sister in tow. In addition to these
witnesses, both the state and Ms. Bush admitted into evidence the body cam footage of the
events described above.
{¶5} At the end of trial, the court explained that it would watch the entire video
and render a decision at a later date. A week later, the court found Ms. Bush guilty. During
sentencing, the court made several references to a specific portion of the video where a
young, unidentified man walks up to the officers while they are speaking to the four-year-
old. Detective Jones specifically asks the man whether he “knows who she [the child] is,” to
which the man vaguely replies, “it’s happened like twice.” However, this young man never
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
testified at trial, and in fact, defense counsel objected at trial to Detective Jones testifying
about this conversation (presumably on hearsay grounds). Ultimately, the court sentenced
Ms. Bush to 180 days in jail (all 180 days suspended), a $100 fine and court costs, and 18
months of probation. From this conviction, Ms. Bush raises a single assignment of error,
challenging both the weight and sufficiency of her child endangerment conviction.
II.
{¶6} We begin with Ms. Bush’s sufficiency argument since it is dispositive of this
appeal. In evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence, the court must ask, after viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, whether a rational trier of fact could
have found all the necessary elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. See State v.
Conyers, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-150439, 2016-Ohio-2952, ¶ 9, citing State v. Jenks,
61
Ohio St.3d 259,
574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus. Ms. Bush contends
the state failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that she possessed the requisite mens
rea, recklessness, and that she created a substantial risk of harm to her child—both essential
elements of a child endangerment conviction under R.C. 2919.22(A). Because Ms. Bush’s
mens rea challenge is determinative, we accordingly turn our attention first to whether Ms.
Bush acted with reckless intent.
{¶7} R.C. 2919.22(A) provides that “[n]o person, who is the parent … of a child
under eighteen years of age … shall create a substantial risk to the health or safety of the
child, by violating a duty of care, protection, or support.” Although the language of the
statute fails to set forth the specific culpable mental state, the necessary mens rea for the
offense is recklessness. See State v. Hartley, 194 Ohio App.3d 486,
2011-Ohio-2530,
957
N.E.2d 44, ¶ 30 (1st Dist.), citing State v. McGee,
79 Ohio St.3d 193,
680 N.E.2d 975 (1997),
syllabus (“The Ohio Supreme Court has held that recklessness is the required degree of
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
culpability for a violation of R.C. 2919.22(A), although no degree of culpability is specified in
the statute.”). Pursuant to R.C. 2901.22(C), a person acts “recklessly when, with heedless
indifference to the consequences, the person disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk
that the person’s conduct is likely to cause a certain result or is likely to be of a certain
nature.”
{¶8} Perhaps not surprisingly, child endangerment cases are typically fact-specific.
See Beachwood v. Hill, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 93577, 2010-Ohio-3313, ¶ 21 (“[I]t seems
that the outcome of child endangerment cases are highly fact-specific.”); State v. Hughes, 3d
Dist. Shelby No. 17-09-02,
2009-Ohio-4115, ¶ 34 (“[W]e note that the outcome of this case
is intensely fact-specific[.]”). When evaluating recklessness, courts generally review facts
such as the period of time the parent or guardian left the child unsupervised, the age of the
child, whether the parent or guardian had any notice of the substantial risk (such as
awareness of the child’s propensity to engage in risky behavior), and any precautions the
parent took to negate the risk. See State v. Greenlee, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24660,
2012-Ohio-1432, ¶ 15 (affirming the trial court’s finding that the parent acted recklessly
when the father did not realize his four-year-old son was missing for over an hour); State v.
McLeod,
165 Ohio App.3d 434,
2006-Ohio-579,
846 N.E.2d 915, ¶ 14 (2d Dist.) (reversing
the trial court’s finding that the caregiver acted recklessly when he left a five-year-old on the
playground alone for up to ten minutes); State v. Miller, 3d Dist. Logan Nos. 8-07-07 and 8-
07-08,
2007-Ohio-6711, ¶ 19 (finding the mother acted recklessly when “she was aware that
[her three-year-old daughter] was leaving the home,” since the officer had discovered the
child unsupervised just four days prior); Hughes at ¶ 29 (reversing the trial court’s finding
that the father acted recklessly when leaving his five-year-old child in a running car for 27
minutes because the father left the child with a cell phone and kept the air conditioning on
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
because of the weather, “demonstrate[ing] sufficient concern to negate the possibility of a
finding that [father] exercised ‘heedless indifference’ and ‘perversely disregard[ed] a known
risk[.]’ ”).
{¶9} Turning to the evidence offered below, the state steers us to two pieces of
evidence illustrating Ms. Bush’s recklessness. First, the state emphasizes Detective Jones’s
testimony at trial, specifically his statements that, when discovered, the four-year-old was
alone, and at no point during the 20-minute interaction did he view an older sibling in the
vicinity. As to the second piece of evidence, the state points to a portion of the body cam
footage where a young man makes a comment to the officers (“it’s happened like twice”),
wielding that comment to establish that Ms. Bush has lost track of her daughter before.
{¶10} However, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the state, we find
this evidence insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Ms. Bush acted
recklessly. Turning to the caselaw, we find the Second District’s decision in McLeod
instructive. In McLeod, the Second District held the state failed to produce sufficient
evidence that the caregiver acted recklessly when he left a five-year-old child on the
playground alone while he walked around the apartment complex. McLeod at ¶ 16. In
reversing the defendant’s conviction, the court noted that the defendant left the child alone
only for a “brief period,” the deputy testifying only ten minutes elapsed between the time he
came across the child unattended and when the defendant returned to the playground. Id.
at ¶ 14 (“We do not share the state’s view that an actor recklessly creates a substantial risk to
a five-year-old merely by allowing the child out of his or her direct line of sight for a brief
period.”); but see State v. Schaffer,
127 Ohio App.3d 501, 503,
713 N.E.2d 450 (11th
Dist.1998) (finding the defendant acted recklessly because the defendant “lost sight of her
two-year-old child for at least five minutes, and possibly as long as ten minutes”). Further,
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
during that ten minutes, the court emphasized the defendant was no more than 125 and 150
yards away, it was light out, and the defendant testified he checked up on the child within
the last half hour. McLeod at ¶ 13. And thus, while the defendant’s supervision fell short of
ideal, the court held that “failure to realize an ideal level of supervisory attention of a child
does not equate to acting with heedless indifference to the consequences,” and therefore the
state failed to prove the defendant acted recklessly. Id. at ¶ 16.
{¶11} Similar to McLeod, Ms. Bush lost track of her four-year-old daughter only for
a brief period. The body cam video establishes that no more than five minutes elapsed,
which comports with Ms. Bush’s testimony (and the child was gripping a banana that her
mother had just given her). Nor did the child stray far—only about 100 yards based on
Detective Jones’s estimate. Moreover, this was not a situation where Ms. Bush did not know
her child left the house in the first place. See Schaffer at 503 (affirming the trial court’s
finding that appellant acted recklessly when her two-year-old son strolled outside from the
house without her knowing and the house was near a pond). Instead, more akin to McLeod,
Ms. Bush sent her four-year-old child outside to play in the front yard, during the daytime,
and maintained close proximity to that area where her daughter was supposed to be with
her brother.
{¶12} Further, Ms. Bush took precautions to negate the risk of her daughter drifting
from the house and running into the street, indicating that she was not acting with “heedless
indifference.” In Hughes, the Third District held the state lacked sufficient evidence to show
the defendant acted recklessly when he left his five-year-old in a running car alone for 27
minutes while he went into Wal-Mart. Hughes, 3d Dist. Shelby No. 17-09-02, 2009-Ohio-
4115, at ¶ 33. In doing so, although more akin to a review of manifest weight, the court
emphasized that the defendant’s actions, such as leaving the car running so his daughter
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
had air conditioning and providing her with a cell phone to use in case she had a problem,
actually “negate[d] the possibility of a finding that [the defendant] exercised ‘heedless
indifference’ and ‘perversely disregard[ed] a known risk,’ such that recklessness could be
found.” Id. at ¶ 29. Likewise, Ms. Bush’s actions also establish she attempted to negate the
risks of her daughter leaving the front yard and running into the road, including sending her
four-year-old to play outside under the watchful eye of her brother and setting boundaries
for her daughter, such as not allowing her to cross the street or go anywhere by herself. To
be sure, things happen (the brother ran off to play somewhere else, the daughter felt the lure
of the other side of the street) and children have a tendency to go off script—but we must be
very cautious about letting that truism substitute for “recklessness,” lest we render virtually
every parent in the county guilty of child endangerment.
{¶13} Moreover, contrary to the state’s assertion, the young man’s comment in the
video does not suggest Ms. Bush had notice of her child’s propensity to wander off on her
own. As a preliminary matter, the comment—“it’s happened like twice”—is not only
unreliable evidence since the young man never testified at trial, but the comment fails to
identify exactly what had happened twice. See State v. Smith, 2019-Ohio-3257, __ N.E.3d
__, ¶ 21 (1st Dist.) (finding body cam comments from an individual who did not testify at
trial constituted inadmissible hearsay and violated the Confrontation Clause). And even if
we infer the comment suggests the child wandered off before, this still does not confirm that
Ms. Bush knew about these prior instances. Thus, this is not an instance like in Miller,
where the defendant knew her child had a tendency to wander off since the police, just four
days prior, had discovered the child unsupervised outside in the cold weather. See Miller,
3d Dist. Logan Nos. 8-07-07 and 8-07-08,
2007-Ohio-6711, at ¶ 19 (affirming the finding of
recklessness because “[the defendant] knew [her daughter] was leaving the home
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
unsupervised,” since the testifying officer “was at [the defendant’s] home just four days
prior … and informed [the defendant] that [her daughter] left the home.”). The state
provided no evidence here that Ms. Bush knew of any tendency of her daughter’s to leave
the front yard and run across the street or her son’s inability to adequately watch his sister.
{¶14} Therefore, based upon the above, we cannot find the state provided sufficient
evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that Ms. Bush recklessly created a substantial risk to
the safety of her daughter. To paraphrase our decision in State v. Martin, while Ms. Bush
may have acted imprudently and possibly negligently, we cannot say that, by sending her
four-year-old daughter to play in the front yard with her brother, she acted with “heedless
indifference.” See State v. Martin, 134 Ohio App.3d 41, 43,
730 N.E.2d 386 (1st Dist.1999).
At most, Ms. Bush lost track of her daughter for five minutes, all the while believing her
daughter was just a few feet away in the front yard playing with her older brother. Surely,
losing track of a four-year-old child who wandered from the front yard for five minutes
under these circumstances falls short of criminal recklessness. See State v. Allen,
140 Ohio
App.3d 322, 325,
747 N.E.2d 315 (1st Dist.2000) (“Surely, leaving the boy alone for two
minutes was not criminal[.]”). As this court time and time again has reiterated, “[w]e, as a
society, cannot punish parents for every error in judgment, even if a child is injured, under a
theory of strict liability.”
Martin at 43. Otherwise, we will put parents in straightjackets
and require them to keep their children locked inside around the clock or in fenced yards
upon penalty of criminal prosecution. On the record before us, we cannot hold the state
provided sufficient evidence of recklessness here.
III.
{¶15} For the foregoing reasons, we sustain Ms. Bush’s sole assignment of error
insofar that the state failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt Ms. Bush acted recklessly.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Our disposition above renders both Ms. Bush’s sufficiency challenge to the substantial risk
element and her manifest weight argument moot. We, therefore, reverse the trial court’s
judgment and discharge Ms. Bush from further prosecution.
Judgment reversed and appellant discharged.
ZAYAS, P. J., and CROUSE, J., concur.
Please note:
The court has recorded its own entry this date.
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