18 U.S.C. § 1231
Section 1231 · Transportation of strikebreakers
Amended 3 times on record
Applied in 15 court decisions — leading case United States v. Ballinger (2005)
Most recently applied in United States v. Weaver (October 2011)
How often courts cite this section
Court decisions citing this, by year.Markers show enactment, consequential amendments, and circuit splits over this section — watch for a citation surge after a change or a disagreement. The dip in the last several years is a data-coverage gap, not a real trend — our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so recent citations are undercounted.
Whoever willfully transports in interstate or foreign commerce any person who is employed or is to be employed for the purpose of obstructing or interfering by force or threats with (1) peaceful picketing by employees during any labor controversy affecting wages, hours, or conditions of labor, or (2) the exercise by employees of any of the rights of self-organization or collective bargaining; or
Whoever is knowingly transported or travels in interstate or foreign commerce for any of the purposes enumerated in this section—
Shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than two years, or both.
This section shall not apply to common carriers.
Editorial notes U.S. Code · Office of the Law Revision Counsel
Historical and Revision Notes
1948 Act
Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §407a (June 24, 1936, ch. 746, 49 Stat. 1899; June 29, 1938, ch. 813, 52 Stat. 1242).
Language designating offense as felony was omitted in uniformity with definitive section 1 of this title. (See reviser's note under section 550 of this title.)
Words “and shall, upon conviction” were omitted as surplusage since punishment cannot be imposed until a conviction is secured.
Reference to persons aiding, abetting or causing was omitted as such persons are made principals by section 2 of this title.
Changes were made in phraseology and arrangement, but without change of substance.
1949 Act
This section [section 30] corrects a typographical error in section 1231 of title 18, U.S.C.
Amendments
1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted “fined under this title” for “fined not more than $5,000” in third par.
1949—Act May 24, 1949, substituted “or travels in” for “in or travels” in second par.