18 U.S.C. § 2708
Section 2708 · Exclusivity of remedies
This is § 201 of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986
Amended 1 time on record
Applied in 49 court decisions — leading case United States v. Smith (1998)
Most recently applied in United States v. Michael Karmo (July 2024)
How often courts cite this section
Court decisions citing this, by year.Markers show enactment, consequential amendments, and circuit splits over this section — watch for a citation surge after a change or a disagreement. The dip in the last several years is a data-coverage gap, not a real trend — our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so recent citations are undercounted.
The remedies and sanctions described in this chapter are the only judicial remedies and sanctions for nonconstitutional violations of this chapter.