¶1delivered tbe opinion of tbe Court:
¶2This is an appeal from a final order in a proceeding by habeas corpus to determine tbe right to tbe custody of two female children —■ twins of tbe age of eleven years.
¶3Tbe appellee, petitioner below, is tbe mother of tbe said children. Tbeir father is dead and appellee has married a second time. One of tbe appellants, Mrs. Rachael Ann Beall, is tbe grandmother, and tbe other, Mrs. Jessie H. Oelricb, is tbe aunt of tbe children. Tbe former is tbe mother, tbe latter tbe sister of tbe appellee.
¶4Tbe parties themselves were tbe leading witnesses on tbe bearing, and tbe children were likewise examined on behalf of tbe respondents in whose custody they were and bad been continuously, at least, since tbe summer of 1898.
¶5Based on this testimony tbe court overruled tbe motion to discharge tbe writ and awarded tbe custody of tbe children to tbe mother.
¶6Tbe reasons for this order are thus, in part, set out in tbe bill of exceptions: “ Tbe testimony showed that tbe petitioner, the mother, is so situated as to be able to afford her children a comfortable home and support; that by her *313appearance, her testimony and her manner óf testifying she commended herself to the conrt as a proper person to have the care and custody of her children; that it appears that Rachael Ann Beall, the grandmother, one of the respondents, has not the pecuniary ability and because of age and growing infirmity has not the physical ability to give them adequate support and proper care and supervision; that the other respondent, Jessie Oelrich, has not sufficient pecuniary ability to properly support them.”
¶7The conclusion of the trial court in a case involving the custody of infant children, especially where not only the witnesses but also the parties, including the children themselves, were under examination in the presence of the court, is entitled to the greatest respect, and ought not to be disturbed save in a case where there has been a manifest abuse of discretion. Wells v. Wells, 11 App. D. C. 392, 395.
¶8The record presents the pitiable spectacle of a divided family, and the substantial testimony on which the case turns came from the months of its members. The appellants, mother and sister of the appellee, were the important witnesses on their side; on the other were the appellee and another sister. No useful purpose would be served by a review of this testimony, and we think it sufficient to say that there is nothing in it that would justify ns in reversing the judgment.
¶9"Whilst suits of this kind are waged by parties contending for the custody of children as a right, it must be remembered that the paramount consideration in awarding that custody to one or the other is the permanent advantage and welfare of the children involved in the controversy. Slack v. Perrine, 9 App. D. C. 128, 160; Wells v. Wells, 11 App. D. C. 392, 395.
¶10Where it appears that the father is dead and that the mother is a proper person, able and willing to provide properly for the wants of her children, nature dictates, and the law recognizes, the priority of her right to their custody and control. Moor v. Christian, 56 Miss. 408, 410; Chapsky v. *314Wood, 26 Kan. 650; Verser v. Ford, 37 Ark. 27; Clark v. Bayer, 32 Ohio St. 299.
¶11The conclusion of the court in regard to the appellee’s ability and fitness is supported by the testimony; and the fact that she has married again — a condition to which some of the authorities attach importance as affecting her right — we regard as immaterial in view of the willingness of her husband to join her in caring for the children.
¶12It may be conceded, as contended on behalf of the appellants, that this preferential claim of the parent may sometimes be lost by contract, or forfeited by abandonment as well as misconduct. Such actual transfer of custody to a particular person, or deliberate abandonment, would, under ordinary conditions, afford very strong evidence of the want of natural affection and the lack of fitness for the charge. And if the succeeding custodians are fit and capable persons under whose care the welfare of the children is reasonably secure, and the relations between them have become such that to sever them would be necessarily cruel or painful, the revived claims of parents may well be denied. Bonnett v. Bonnett, 61 Iowa, 199, 202; Clark v. Bayer, 32 Ohio St. 299; Chapsky v. Wood, 26 Kan. 650.
¶13There is no pretense, however, of an express contract in this case for the transfer of the custody of the infant children; and, in our opinion, the proof does not establish a deliberate abandonment of the custody by the mother sufficient to bring her within the principle above stated.
¶14It has been further contended that the court should have been controlled by the expressed choice of the children themselves, who were offered and examined for that purpose by the appellants. We cannot concur in this view. The children had not attained the age at which, under ordinary conditions, their selection should be respected.
¶15It is true that courts often of their own motion, or at the suggestion of a party as in this instance, examine, or permit the examination of, young children; and, no doubt, may often be influenced by impressions derived therefrom. But it does not follow that any necessary weight should be *315given, to an expression of preference by children of tender age for those in whose custody and under whose immediate influence they have exclusively been.
¶16We find no error in the judgment and it will therefore be affirmed with costs. Affirmed.